J175 Quiz 2

Front 1

• 3000-1500BC (Late Neolithic) in Loess Plateau (North China)
• Characteristics
o Sophisticated pottery technology
o An increase in polished stone tools and shell artifacts
o The appearance of small amounts of copper and bronze
o Settlements surrounded by earthworks and walls (indicative of major military conflicts between settlements)
o Much more complex society in comparison to Jomon and Chulmun (of same time period)
• Suggested to be related to “Xia” culture
• Use of heated animal scapulae for divinatory purposes
• cf. origins of writing in China

Back 1

Longshan culture

Front 2

3000-1500BC (Late Neolithic) in Shanghai Delta region
• Noted for jade ritual objects
o Yue axe: a battle axe used in ancient China
o Cong (Zong): a large hollow piece of jade w/rectangular sides
o Bi: a round flat disc of jade with a hole at its center

Back 2

Lianzhu culture

Front 3

• Referred to in Chinese legends, may or may not have actually existed
• May have been the Erlitou Culture
• Great cities of the legendary Xia overlaps well with spread of Erlitou
• Is it appropriate to use the name “Xia” in archaeological studies?
o There is no evidence to link Erlitou to Xia
o Even if it existed, we do not know if it was even at the “dynasty” level

Back 3

Xia dynasty

Front 4

• 2000-1600BC
• The earliest locally-produced bronzes known in East Asia: wine vessels from this culture
originally found in 1957
• became a focus of the search for the ruin of the Xia dynasty (through an expedition of the Institute of Archaeology in 1959)
• Could possibly be the first castle built by the Shang king of Chinese Legend
o Dates match well with the Early Shang period

Back 4

Erlitou culture

Front 5

• 12th or 11th century BC
• Bronze production in area other than Shang
o Mixed with lead to form harder metal
• Less emphasis on ritual vessels
• Characterized by realistic forms of animals and humans

Back 5

Sanxingdui culture

Front 6

• 1600 -1400 BC (Middle Shang)
• Shang culture in Central Plain, outside of Zhengzhou, Henan
• Researchers agree that this culture is the remains of the Shang culture
• Over a 7 km of earthen wall excavated
o Large workshops including bone, pottery, and two bronze vessel workshops

Back 6

Erligang culture

Front 7

•1400-1027? BC
•Last capital of the Shang dynasty (located in Anyang)
•Archaeological findings
oroyal cemetery of shaft tombs at Xibeigang
otomb of Fuhao at Xiaotun
oPalace-temple complex at Xiaotun
oLarge amount of oracle bones

Back 7

Yinxu site

Front 8

• Site in Hebei Province, China, of the Royal Cemetery of the Late Shang,
• Seven shaft tombs with wooden-chamber burials
• Also over 2000 small pit-graves with human sacrifices
• The hierarchy of burials at this and other cemeteries in the area reflected the social organization of the living
• Large pit tombs, some nearly 42 feet deep, were furnished with four ramps and massive grave chambers for the kings.

Back 8

Xibeigang

Front 9

• Tomb of the wife of Wu Ding at Xiaotun
• One of few undisturbed elite burials unearthed of Fu Hao,
• Her relatively small grave contained 468 bronze objects of the Anyang style, 775 jades, carved bone objects, and more than 6,880 cowries -- suggesting how great the wealth placed in the far larger royal tombs must have been.

Back 9

Fuhao

Front 10

• Political structure at Shang site
• Divining through bones (scapulamancy)
o A heated rod was inserted into a hole in the bone with inscriptions
o How the bones cracked was interpreted by the King
o Only the King could divine using the oracle bones
• May have been origins of writing

Back 10

Oracle bones

Front 11

• 1027-771 BC (Royal Zhou)
• Tied to the traditional Chinese way of living, based primarily on written documents
• Bureaucratic system was set up during this time according to written records
• Feudalism – the Zhou dynasty appointed regional rulers, and sent them to subordinary states, most of whom were related to the royal family,
• Lineage system
• Characterized by very few settlements
• Three “capitals”

Back 11

Western Zhou

Front 12

• original capital of Western Zhou (Qishan)

Back 12

Zhou Yuan

Front 13

• main capital of Western Zhou

Back 13

Feng and Hao

Front 14

• eastern capital of Western Zhou (present Luoyang)

Back 14

Luyi

Front 15

• Spring and Autumn (771-475 B.C.) and Warring States Periods (475-221 B.C.)
• Decline of the Zhou State
• conflict between the North and the South
• markets and coinage
• manufacture of iron
• Confucianism

Back 15

Eastern Zhou

Front 16

• 771-475 B.C.
• Name taken from a chronicle of the Lu State

Back 16

Spring and Autumn

Front 17

• 475-221 B.C.
• Name taken from an edited volume; essays and stories of a number of intellectuals and critics
• Seven large states and several other smaller states
o Central plain: Jin --> Han, Wei, Zhao
o East: Qi
o North: Yan
o South: Chu
o West: Qin

Back 17

Warring States

Front 18

• Unification of China in 221BC (221BC-206BC)
• Included the entire north China Mainland above the Yangzi River
• Capital: Xianyang
• Construction of the Great Wall of China (against the Xiongnu people)
• Accomplishments of the First Emperor
o established standardized measurement
o minting a single type of coin
o construction of a large palace
o construction of the large mounded tomb for himself

Back 18

Qin

Front 19

• 206BC-8AD (Former) & 25-220AD (Later)
• Ruling systems
o Kingdoms: ruled by Han family relatives
o Commandaries: adiminstered by appointed governors
• Mirrors and Seals
o Given to foreign states as evidence of integration into the Han system
• Expansion to the Northwest, causing conflict with the Xiongnu in Northeast

Back 19

Han

Front 20

• Established 108 AD
• One of four Han Commanderies in Korea

Back 20

Lelang

Front 21

• 2nd century BC
• Richly furnished burials
• Tombs for the Marquis of Dai (died 186 BC) and his family
• Wives tomb was well preserved, and the body was intact (scientists able to perform an autopsy)
o Grave goods included silk, lacquer ware, pottery, figurines of musicians

Back 21

Mawangdui

Front 22

• a large burial from the Early Han period near Beijing
• excellent preservation
• provides comparative data for reconstructing the structure of the tomb of the First Emperor of Qin

Back 22

Dabaotai

Front 23

• North China
• Former Han period
• Tombs for a king (Liu Sheng) and his consort (Dou Wan) of the Zhongshan Kingdom
• Jade shards sewn with gold wire

Back 23

Mancheng

Front 24

• Ca. 1500 – 1 BC/AD
• 400-1 BC/AD also called “The Late Bronze Age”
• Name of the prehistoric period in the southern part of the Korean Peninsula following the Chulmun period
• Name means “no decoration”
• Considered a transitional period before state formation
• Characteristics:
o Plain pottery
o Rice Cultivation
o Various types of ground stone tools
o Bronze tools (daggers)
o Megalithic tombs (dolmens)

Back 24

Mumun Period

Front 25

• Thinner pottery first appearing between 1500/1300 – 1000 BC

Back 25

Mumun pottery

Front 26

• 1200-500 BC
• Excavated by Kim W.Y 1982)
• Small settlement south of Seoul with noted rice cultivation (short-grain)

Back 26

Hunam-ni

Front 27

• Site in North Korea, near Pyongyang noted for rice cultivation
• Raises questions about diffusion route of rice

Back 27

Namgyong

Front 28

• Bronze dagger type associated with early Mumun
• Wide bracket-shaped projects on the side near the hilt
• Exclusively found north of the Great Wall in China, as well as in Bohai Bay and Korea

Back 28

Liaoning type

Front 29

• Bronze dagger type associated with later Mumun

Back 29

Slender type