It Fundamentals Block 2

Front 1

System unit

Back 1

Protects the electronic components. Also known as a case chassis

Front 2

System Board

Back 2

Otherwise known as a motherboard. This is where the the CPU, ROM, RAM, and controller chips are located

Front 3

CPU

Back 3

Where instructions and overall activity is carried out.

Front 4

When a CPU is combined with I/O and memory Units it is known as a what?

Back 4

Microcomputer

Front 5

The CPU consists of what functions?

Back 5

Control Unit,

Registers

Arithmetic Logic Unit

Front 6

Control Unit

Back 6

Receives and gives commands

Front 7

Registers

Back 7

A discrete memory location within the CPU. Designed to hold temporary data and instructions.

Front 8

The CPU communicates with all devices through...

Back 8

WeL defined signal paths called busses

Front 9

Address bus

Back 9

A unidirectional busy that carries data from the CPU to addressable memory Locations in RAM

Front 10

Data Bus

Back 10

Bi-directional device allowing th CPU to function as a transmitter and receiver of data.

Front 11

Control Bus

Back 11

Controls thr timing and thr direction of data flow (transfer) to and from storage registers

Front 12

What allows data to travel to/from the CPU?

Back 12

Busses

Front 13

ROM (Read Only Memory)

Back 13

A class of storage medium used in computer and other electronic devices. ROM can be modified slowly, with difficulty, or not at all

Front 14

Firmware

Back 14

Software tied to specific hardware

Front 15

Non-volatile memory

Back 15

Memory that retains data when the power is turned off

Front 16

EPROM

Back 16

Erasable Programmable read only memory

Front 17

EPROM is also known as...

Back 17

Flash memory

Front 18

What are the two types of flash memory?

Back 18

NAND and NOR

Front 19

NAND type flash memory is primarily used in...

Back 19

Memory cards, USB flash drives, solid state drives

Front 20

NOR type flash memory does what?

Back 20

Allows a single machine word (byte) to be written and/or read.

Front 21

What is used as a replacement for EPROM and as an alternative to certain kinds of ROM applications

Back 21

NOR gate flash memory

Front 22

RAM

Back 22

Random Accesible Memory. Loses information when the system is powered off.

Front 23

Information stored in RAN is stored in a _____ like pattern

Back 23

Grid

Front 24

Input Device

Back 24

Allows the user to communicate to the computer.

Front 25

What are some common input devices for the computer?

Back 25

Keyboard, mouse,

Front 26

What are some output devices?

Back 26

Monitors

Front 27

A keyboard is a series of...

Back 27

Single pole, single throw switches on a circuit board

Front 28

An optical mouse uses what to track movement?

Back 28

LED or infrared laser diode

Front 29

Two monitor types

Back 29

LCD and LED

Front 30

LCD displays we're primarily used in...

Back 30

Laptops

Front 31

NIC

Back 31

Network interface card

Front 32

Every NIC has a....

Back 32

MAC address

Front 33

MAC

Back 33

Media Access Control

Front 34

What are four those of computer storage devices?

Back 34

Hard drives, optical media, magnetic tapes, and flash media

Front 35

HDD

Back 35

Hard disk drive

Front 36

How does a hard disk drive save data?

Back 36

A magnetic disk that rotates at a high rate of speed with a read/write head

Front 37

Hard drive discs are known as...

Back 37

Platters

Front 38

Data in the HDD is stored in locations formed by concentric rings called..

Back 38

Tracks

Front 39

Each track is separated into equal parts called...

Back 39

Sectors

Front 40

What represents the basic storage unit of the hard drive?

Back 40

Sector

Front 41

The disk controller does what?

Back 41

Controls the transfer of data, instructions, and information form a disk to the rest of the computer

Front 42

Optical Media

Back 42

Compact Disk (CD), Digital Video Disk (DVD), and Blu-ray (BD). Used for permanent, removable storage if data

Front 43

Optical drives record data by doing...

Back 43

By etching pits on the surface.

Front 44

Magnetic Tape

Back 44

Early form of storage.

Front 45

What are some problems with magnetic tape storage?

Back 45

New information can overwrite old, stray magnetic fields may destroy the data, temperature and humidity may also affect the magnetic tape

Front 46

Data stored in a ______ format

Back 46

Sequential

Front 47

Do the read/write heads touch the media on magnetic tape storage?

Back 47

Yes

Front 48

Hard drive read/write heads touch the platter? True or false

Back 48

False

Front 49

Which input device uses switches that close and generate a code that creates a character or symbol on the display?

Back 49

Keyboard

Front 50

Peripherals

Back 50

Devices that work with a computer system yet are not required to operate

Front 51

Printers

Back 51

An output device that produces text and graphics on a physical medium such as paper

Front 52

Hard copy

Back 52

Information that has been printed on a physical medium

Front 53

There are generally what two types of pintters?

Back 53

Impact and non-impact

Front 54

Impact printer

Back 54

Forms characters and graphics on a piece of paper by striking a mechanism against an ink ribbon that physically contacts the paper.

Front 55

Dot matrix printer

Back 55

An impact printer that produced printed images when tiny wire pins on a print head mechanism strike an inked ribbon. When the ribbon presses against the paper, it creates dots that form characters and graphics.

Front 56

Non Impact printer

Back 56

Forms characters and graphics on a piece of paper without actually striking the paper. Some spray ink, while others use heat and pressure to create images. Much quieter than impact printers

Front 57

Inkjet printer

Back 57

Forms characters and graphics by spraying won't ink drops of ink onto a piece of paper.

Front 58

Laser printers

Back 58

High speed, high quality non-inpact printer. Very high quality images created using a laser beam and powdered ink, called toner, which is packaged in a cartridge. The laser beams create and image on a special drum inside the printer. Toner sticks to the drum by means of static and is transposed to paper when the paper passes under the drum

Front 59

Optical scanner

Back 59

Light sensing input device that reads printed text and graphics and translated the result in a form the computer can use

Front 60

Microphone

Back 60

an acoustic to electric transducer or sensor that converts sound into an electronic signal

Front 61

Speakers

Back 61

A piece of equipment that converts an electric signal back to sound

Front 62

What are microphones used for?

Back 62

Recording voice, voice over IP (VoIP), ultrasonic checking

Front 63

What is the purpose of modem?

Back 63

To allow digital devices to communicate over analog lines such as telephones.

Front 64

Modem

Back 64

Converts digital to analog and analog to digital. Modulator/demodulator

Front 65

Modems are considered _________ since the signals into the first modem are identical to the demodulated signals.

Back 65

Transparent

Front 66

A/D convertor

Back 66

Changes analog signals to digital (binary) representation.

Front 67

Digitising

Back 67

Another word for A/D conversion

Front 68

D/A convertor

Back 68

Changes a set of digital binary numbers in specific voltage equal to the binary value.

Front 69

Network media convertors

Back 69

Connect various types of cables that exist within a network.

Front 70

Gateway

Back 70

Acts as a translator between workstations and networks that use different operating systems, communication protocols, data format structures, or network hardware architectures by enabling the nodes to communicate with different types of networks or devices.

Front 71

A network node can be....

Back 71

A connection point, a redistribution point, or an endpoint.

Front 72

Network gateway

Back 72

An interworking system capable of joining together two networks that use different base protocols

Front 73

Default Gafeway

Back 73

Device that passes traffic from the local summer to devices on another subnet. Often connects local network to the internet

Front 74

A network gateway can be implemented at any and layer of the ______ model.

Back 74

OSI

Front 75

Email gateway

Back 75

Translates messages from one vendors messaging application to another vendor's application.

Front 76

What kind of gateway incorporates advanced security features that allow for defense against phishing attacks, malware, and other email born threats such as spam, viruses, bulk emails, directory harvest, and denial of service attacks.

Back 76

Email gateway

Front 77

A __________ ___________ is a computer networking device that connects devices together on a network by using packet switching to receive, process and forward data to the destination device.

Back 77

Network switch

Front 78

Switch are use in physical ______ and ______ topologies

Back 78

Star and Tree

Front 79

Store and forward

Back 79

Entire packet is received and placed into buffer memory, where an error check (CRC) is performed, and the packet is sent to the proper port for delivery.

Front 80

Switches can be categorized by what switching techniques?

Back 80

Store-and-forward

Cut-through

Fragment fee

Front 81

Cut through

Back 81

Doesn't store or do a CRC check, just directing the frame to it's destination. This makes this switch fast

Front 82

Fragment free

Back 82

The switch checks for first 64 bytes of a frame before forwarding the frame to the proper port for delivery.

Front 83

Bridge

Back 83

A device that connects two or more network segments and effectively joining them into one logical network.

Front 84

A bridge uses a _________ __________ to determine whether a frame should be forwarded or filtered.

Back 84

Filtering database

Front 85

Bridges operate at what layer?

Back 85

2

Front 86

Routers

Back 86

A networking device that forwards packets between computer networks.

Front 87

A router is connect to ___ or more ones from different networks

Back 87

Two

Front 88

Network switch connect data ones from ____ one single network

Back 88

One

Front 89

Routers can support...

Back 89

Dynamic path assignment.

Front 90

Dynamic path assignment

Back 90

Permits routers to use alternate paths if needed and are able to perform dynamic load balancing of communications when alternative routes are available between networks.

Front 91

Cryptography

Back 91

The process of converting the meaning of data rather than it's existence

Front 92

Plaintext

Back 92

Data that can be read without any special measures

Front 93

Encryption

Back 93

Disguising plaintext in such a way as to hide its meaning.

Front 94

__________/________ devices are used fk convert plaintext into copper text in order to transmit data and voice signals.

Back 94

Encryption, comsec

Front 95

What are the four types of telecommunications that we encrypt?

Back 95

Wideband Encryption, narrowband encryption, bulk encryption, network encryption

Front 96

Wideband encryption

Back 96

Method of sending audio communications that has the ability to transmit more information. The data is encrypted in order to be carried securely over leased lines, satellites, microwaves, or radio signals.

Front 97

Narrowband encryption

Back 97

Used for information from voice communications from telephones, but can be used for radio and satellite communications.

Front 98

Bulk encryption

Back 98

Simultaneous encryption of all channels of a multichannel telecommunications link.

Front 99

Network Encryption

Back 99

Network security process that applies crypto services at the network transfer layer (3 and 4).

Front 100

New York encryption is invisible to the....

Back 100

End user

Front 101

Data is encrypted only while ____ ________

Back 101

In transit

Front 102

Network encryption is implemented through

Back 102

Internet Protocol Security (IPsec)

Front 103

What are the two types of communication mediums?

Back 103

Guided and unguided

Front 104

Examples of guided media

Back 104

Twosted pair and fiber optic

Front 105

Twisted-Pair Cable

Back 105

Most common media for network connectivity. Limits signal degradation from EMI and RFI. Precise specifications on number if twists per meter. A copper, wire based cable that can be shielded or unshielded.

Front 106

RJ-11

Back 106

Two pair, telephone

Front 107

RJ-45

Back 107

Four pair, data

Front 108

What organization specifies categories of UTP in terms of data rates they can sustain?

Back 108

The American National Standards Institute (ANSI)

Front 109

Category 1

Back 109

Voice grade telephone wire - not suitable for data transmission

Front 110

Category 5(e)

Back 110

Rated for data transmission up to 100 Mbps (fast ethernet). --Cat 5(e) enhanced cat 5, minimizing cross talk.

Front 111

Category 6

Back 111

Rated for transmission up to 1000 Mbps (Gigabit ethernet)

Front 112

What is the major benefit of STP

Back 112

Reduces electrical noise both within the cable (pair to pair cross talk) and outside the cable (EMI and RFI)

Front 113

Fiber Optic Cabeling

Back 113

Converts electrical signals in optical signals through a thin glass fiber.

Front 114

What ground/guided media is immune to EMF monitoring?

Back 114

Fiber Optic

Front 115

Multimode Fiber

Back 115

Corr diameter of 50-100 microns. Allows many modes or paths kf light to propagate down the optic path.

Front 116

Shat are the two types of multitude fiber?

Back 116

Graded and stepped.

Front 117

Mulitmode fiber segment lengths

Back 117

2000 meters for 10 and 100 Mbps Ethernet

550 meters for 1Gbps Ethernet

Front 118

Single-Mode Fiber

Back 118

Used a glass fiber approximately 10 microns in diameter and permits a single mods kf light to be propagated using expensive laser.

Front 119

Unguided/unbound media

Back 119

Wireless

Front 120

What are the most common unguided media.

Back 120

Light transmissions and radio waves

Front 121

Light transmissions

Back 121

Use of lasers to communicates. Require a clear line of sight between devices. Lited area that they can be monitored. Easily interrupted by weather conditions.

Front 122

Radio Waves

Back 122

Radio waves for networking are typically microwave 1-20 GHz. Atmospheric conditions can also affect

Front 123

Radio waves can be ______ or _______ on nature

Back 123

Fixed frequency signals

Spread spectrum signals

Front 124

Advantages of unguided medium

Back 124

Mobility and relocatable.

Front 125

Disadvantages of unguided media

Back 125

Security - more susceptible to intervention and monitoring.

Distortion and interference- susceptible to interference and distortions from lights, electronic devices and atmospheric conditions

Speed - slower speed than guided mediums

Front 126

Multiplexer

Back 126

A communications device that combines several data or voice signals for transmission over one single medium

Front 127

The more nodes connected to a multiplexor, the _______ the performance.

Back 127

Poorer

Front 128

Wave division Multiplexing

Back 128

Combines several different data signals onto a fiber optic cable. Optical combiner is used to send and a light splitter to receive.

Front 129

Time Division Multiplexing

Back 129

The distribution of multiple signals in the tine domain, involving a digital process. Speech is cut into small time fragments and is scrambled ejfb other segments in an ever changing order.

Front 130

Each user in TDM is assigned a specific

Back 130

Time slot

Front 131

If a user has no data do send using TDM, the used time slot

Back 131

Stays empty

Front 132

Network layer

Back 132

Routing, subnet traffic control, logical-physical address mapping.

Front 133

Network protocols

Back 133

IP

Front 134

Data link layer

Back 134

Frame sequencing, traffic control, acknowledgement, limiting, error checking, Media Access Control

Front 135

Data link protocols

Back 135

802.2, 802.3, 802.5, DLC

Front 136

Physical layer

Back 136

Cabling, data encoding, baseband, broadband, bits and volts.

Front 137

Physical protocols

Back 137

TIA/EIA-232 V.35, RS-530

Front 138

Layers 7,6,5 primary data unit

Back 138

Data

Front 139

Layers 4 PDU

Back 139

Segment

Front 140

Layer 3 PDU

Back 140

Packet

Front 141

Layer Two PDU

Back 141

Frame

Front 142

Layer One PDU

Back 142

Bits

Front 143

Layer 7

Back 143

Relates to services that directly support user applications

Front 144

Layer 6

Back 144

Responsible for the delivery and formatting of information to the application layer for further processing or display

Front 145

Layer 5

Back 145

Establishes communication sessions between two processes on different devices.

Front 146

Layer 4

Back 146

Responsible for flow control, end to end recovery, and data deliver to the appropriate application process on the host computers.

Front 147

Layer 3

Back 147

Responsible for addressing packets and translating logical IP addresses and names into physical addresses.

Front 148

Layer 2

Back 148

Sends data frames from the network layer to the physical layer.

Front 149

Data frame

Back 149

An organize logical structure where data is pLaced

Front 150

Layer 1

Back 150

Transmits the unstructured, raw bit stream over a physical medium.

Front 151

TCP

Back 151

Transmission Control ProtocoL - one if the main protocoLs in TCP/IP networks. TCP enables two computers to establish a connection and exchange streams of data in the form of units.

Front 152

TCP is __________ oriented

Back 152

Connection

Front 153

TCP operates at the _______ layer.

Back 153

Transport/4

Front 154

TCP/IP protocols

Back 154

Application Protocols: HTTP, FTP, SMTP, DNS, RIP, SNMP

Front 155

The application layer of the TCP/IP model is equivalent to what layer(s) of the OSI model?

Back 155

Application, Presentation, Session

Front 156

What TCP/IP protocols operate at the Host-Host layer?

Back 156

TCP, UDP

Front 157

The Host to Host layer of the TCP/IP model is equivalent to what layer(s) of the OSI model?

Back 157

Transport layer

Front 158

What protocols operate at the Internet layer of the TCP/IP model?

Back 158

IP, IGMP, ICMP, ARP

Front 159

The internet layer of the TCP/IP model is equivalent to what layer(s) of the OSI model?

Back 159

Network layer

Front 160

What protocols operate at the network Interface layer of the TCP/IP model?

Back 160

Ethernet, Frame Relay, ATM

Front 161

The network layer of the tcp/ip model is equivalent to what layer(s) of the osi model?

Back 161

Data link

Physical

Front 162

HTTP

Back 162

Hyper Text Transfer Protocol - a protocol that allows you to use browse websites using a browse. It defines how data is formated, transmitted, and what actions web servers and browsers should take in response to various commands.

Front 163

File Transfer Protocol

Back 163

A method of transferring data files from one computer to another over a network. FTP divides files into several segments and assigns a reference number to each one. Transmitted in sequence which the receiving computer reassembled to an exact copy.

Front 164

SMTP

Back 164

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol - Used to transfer email and attachments. Built into mail client and email server software.

Front 165

DNS

Back 165

Domain Name System - provides a friendly name for IP address on the internet.

Front 166

RIP

Back 166

Routing Information Protocol- distance-vector routing protocol. A distance vector router communicates all the routes it knows to the other routers directly attached to it so they can make routing tables. Original RIP had a max hop count of 15. RIPv2 added authentication to it's firmware capabilities, thereby allowing secure transmissions and reducing it's vulnerabilities.

Front 167

SNMP

Back 167

Simple Network Management Protocol

Front 168

SNMP

Back 168

A set of network protocols created to permit remote monitoring and management of devices and hosts.

Front 169

UDP

Back 169

User Data Protocol - a connection less protocol, the UDP, is not responsible for end to end transmission of data.

Front 170

Address Resolution Protocol

Back 170

ARP operates at the network later of the OSI model and is a telecommunications protocols for "resolving" (converting)

Front 171

Local Area Network (LAN)

Back 171

A small network usually confined to a single building, or group of buildings (usually doesn't exceed two kilometers.

Front 172

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

Back 172

Designed to cover the geographic area the size of a town or city. A MAN can interconnect several LANs by bridging them with a backbone. Also called a Campus Area Network (CAN) and Base Area Network (BAN)

Front 173

Wide Area Network (WAN)

Back 173

Geographically dispersed network that can cover across the country or worldwide. It may be privately owned or rented, but usually denotes inclusion of public (open) networks.

Front 174

A directly connected wireless network is called...

Back 174

Ad hoc network

Front 175

Wireless networks provide what advantages?

Back 175

Flexibility of movement and spares the expense of a lot of cables

Front 176

A wireless network can be an extension kf the LAN through...

Back 176

A wireless transceiver known at an Access Point (AP)

Front 177

WPAN

Back 177

Wireless Personal Area Network - blue tooth devices.

Front 178

What are some advantages of a wired network?

Back 178

Faster and more secure connection but can only support cabling distances shorter than 2000 ft.

Front 179

What are some disadvantages of a wireless network?

Back 179

Less secure and transmissions speeds suffer from outside interference

Front 180

The range of a wireless network is usually ______ ft. Indoors and up to ________ft outdoors depending on the terrain.

Back 180

150-300, 1000

Front 181

TCP has shown to work poorly over...

Back 181

A wireless link

Front 182

What are the two types if access Points used to bridge wireless networks?

Back 182

APs

Autonomous APsLightweight APs

Lightweight APs

Front 183

Autonomous AP

Back 183

Thick or fat - have all the software required to manage WLAN processes with no need for additional controllers or switches.

Front 184

Lightweight AP

Back 184

Thin AP or access port, have limited software and require WLAN controllers and switches.

Front 185

Some access points include:

Back 185

Detachable or Fixed antenna

Replaceable radio cards

Support IEEE standards

Filtering (Protocol or MAX)

Ethernet or other wired connectivity

Front 186

Protocol filetering

Back 186

Limits access at the packet frame layer. Blocks access from certain packet types based on programming settings

Front 187

MAC filtering

Back 187

Devices are authorized access to the AP based on the MAC address of each device being registered on the AP.

Front 188

VPN

Back 188

Virtual Private Network - secure, resilient, scalable voice and/or data network created over public lines using tunneling techniques. Usually deployed as a backup or extension of existing networks.

Front 189

In addition to video conferencing transmitting audio and visual of meeting activities, they can be used to.

Back 189

Share documents, computer-displayed information, and whiteboards

Front 190

Network topology

Back 190

Refers to the way a network is connected and how it communicates.

Front 191

What are the two types of topologies?

Back 191

Physical Topology and logical topology

Front 192

Physical topology

Back 192

Refers to the physical interconnection of network devices.

Front 193

Logical Topology

Back 193

How information is passed through the network

Front 194

What are the different types of physical topologies?

Back 194

Bus, star, mesh, tree, hybrid

Front 195

Bus topology

Back 195

The simplest form of physical bus topology consists of a trunk/main cable with only two endpoints. Also known as a linear bus.

Front 196

The trunk cable is also known as the...

Back 196

Backbone

Front 197

What are the two types of bus topologies?

Back 197

Regular bus

Local bus

Front 198

Regular bus

Back 198

Uses one long cable as the central backbone. Short cable (drop cables) are attached to the backbone via cable tabs to split the electrical signal. Drop cables are then connected to the NIC of each device.

Front 199

Local bus

Back 199

Uses a backbone made of short cable lengths attached to T connectors at regular intervals. Each T-connectkr is then directly connected attached to the NIC of each device like a daisy chain. Both ends kf the back bond mist be terminated with resistive end connectors called terminators.

Front 200

Resistive end connector

Back 200

Prevents signal bounce.

Front 201

Local bus uses a __________ topology meaning the signal get weaker as it travels down the length of the wires.

Back 201

Passive

Front 202

Advantages of bus topology

Back 202

* Requires less total cabling than other topologies

* Typically the cheapest topologh to implement.

* easy to connects computer or peripheral to a linear bus

* well suited for temporary networks

* relatively easy to install, extend, and maintain for small networks

Front 203

Disadvantages of a bus topology

Back 203

* limited cable length and number of stations

* performance degrades as additional computers are added.

* difficult to troubleshoot if the entire network shuts down.

* Terminators are required at both ends of the bus (backbone cable)

* A break in the central backbone cable (bus) shuts down the entire network

Front 204

Star topology

Back 204

Uses a central node called a switch to connect peripheral nodes. Simultaneously connects all devices on the network.

Front 205

Advantages of star topology

Back 205

* Easy to expand (i.e. more devices, switches, etc

* more suited for larger networks

* can accommodate different types of cabling

* allows nodes to communicate with any.all other nodes.

* central switches as easy to maintain

Front 206

Disadvantages of a Star Topology

Back 206

* requires a large amount of cabling

* can be expensive depending on size of the network

* Failure of the switch will isolate all attached to the nodes

* bottlenecks can occur because all data must pass through the switch.

Front 207

Mesh topilogy

Back 207

Offers superior redundancy and reliability. Eac device is connected to every other device by separate cabling. This provides redundant paths throughout the network is that if one cable fails, another will take the traffic

Front 208

Advantages of mesh topology

Back 208

* Greater fault tolerance

* maintains stability, privacy, and safety.

* point to point links make fault identification and fault isolation easy

Front 209

Disadvantages of mesh topology

Back 209

* very hard to administer

* very expensive.

Front 210

Tree topology

Back 210

Combines attribute of bus and star topology. Comprised of groups of star configured workstations connected to a linear bus/backbone

Front 211

Tree topology

Back 211

Combines attribute of bus and star topology. Comprised of groups of star configured workstations connected to a linear bus/backbone

Front 212

Advantages of Tree Topology

Back 212

*Allows for later expansion

* Point to point wiring for individual segments

* supported by sever hardware and software vendors

* can lose one or more segment without affecting the rest of the network.

Front 213

Disadvantages of a tree topology

Back 213

*If the backbone breaks, network shut down

* difficult to configure

* overall length to each segment is limited by the type of cabling use.

* Syncronization must he maintained before and during transmission

Front 214

Ethernet uses an access protocol known as...

Back 214

CSMA/CD

Carrier Sense Multiple Access with collision detection.

Front 215

CSMA/CD

Back 215

All computer on the network (Multiple Access) check the cable for traffic (carrier seems) before attempting to transmit a frame of data.

Front 216

Protocol

Back 216

A standard or an agreed upon format for transmitting data between two network devices.

Front 217

Connection Oriented

Back 217

Delivery of information is guaranteed by protocols employed to transmit it. If any data is not received it is resent. They use a preliminary protocol to establish an end-to-end connection

Front 218

Connectionless Oriented Comminication

Back 218

Aka datagram communication. Data is sent from one end-point to another without prior arrangement and no guarantees that the data will actually reach the recipient.

Front 219

Application Layer

Back 219

End user Layer

Front 220

Application Protocols

Back 220

Telnet, TFTP, FTP, HTTP

Front 221

Presentation Layer

Back 221

Defines how data is presented (syntax layer) encrypt, decrypt

Front 222

Presentation Layer protocols

Back 222

ASCII, JPEG, WAV, BMP

Front 223

Session Layers

Back 223

Keeps different applications data separate. Places checkpoints in large data streams to determine depression.

Front 224

Session protocols

Back 224

Operating System and Application Access Scheduling

Front 225

Transport layer

Back 225

Data segmentation, traffic control, session multiplexing

Front 226

Transport protocols

Back 226

TCP, UDP