Isu Bsc 181 Exam 5 - Spinal Cord And Nerves

Front 1

CNS tissue is enclosed inside the vertebral column starting from the ____________ all the way to the ___________.

Back 1

foramen magnum all the way to the L1 vertebra

Front 2

What is the spinal cord protected by? (3)

Back 2

-bone
-meninges
-cerebral spinal fluid

Front 3

Which direction does the spinal cord allows communication of signals?

Back 3

to and away from the brain

Front 4

What is Epidural Space?

Back 4

the space between the vertebrae and the dura mater that is filled with fat as well as a network of veins

Front 5

What is the Conus Medullaris?

Back 5

the terminal portion of the spinal cord

Front 6

What is the Filum terminale?

Back 6

a fibrous extension of the pia mater that anchors the spinal cord to the coccyx

Front 7

What are Denticulate Ligaments?

Back 7

fragile shelves of pia mater that attach the spinal cord to the vertebrae

Front 8

How many spinal nerve pairs attach to the spinal cord?

Back 8

31 paired roots

Front 9

What are cervical and lumbar enlargements?

Back 9

Sites where the nerves, that serve the upper and lower limbs, emerge from the spinal cord

Front 10

What are the Cauda equina?

Back 10

the collection of nerve roots at the inferior end of the vertebral column

Front 11

What is the significance of the anterior median fissure?

Back 11

Separates the anterior funiculi

Front 12

What is the significance of the posterior median sulcus?

Back 12

Divides posterior funiculi

Front 13

What does gray matter consist of? (3)

Back 13

-Cell bodies
-unmyelinated processes
-neuroglia

Front 14

What is the purpose of gray commissure?

Back 14

Connects masses of gray matter and encloses central canal

Front 15

In the gray matter what are the posterior (dorsal) horns composed of?

Back 15

interneurons

Front 16

In the gray matter what are the anterior (ventral) horns composed of?

Back 16

interneurons and somatic motor neurons

Front 17

In the gray matter what are the lateral horns composed of?

Back 17

sympathetic nerve fibers

Front 18

What is the dorsal half of the gray matter comprised of? (2)

Back 18

sensory roots and ganglia

Front 19

What is the ventral half of the gray matter comprised of?

Back 19

motor roots

Front 20

How do the dorsal and ventral roots relate to one another?

Back 20

the roots fuse laterally to form spinal nerves

Front 21

What three directions do the fibers in the white matter run in?

Back 21

-ascending
-descending
-transverse

Front 22

What are the three funiculi (columns) of the white matter in the spinal cord divided into?

Back 22

-posterior
-lateral
-anterior

Front 23

What are funiculus fiber tracts and what do they contain?

Back 23

the fiber tracts reveal their origin and destination
-composed of axons

Front 24

The white matter neuron pathways consist of two or three neurons and are assembled in pairs, where are the pairs located on the brain and spinal cord?

Back 24

the pathways cross-over each other and are located one on each side of the spinal cord or brain

Front 25

Fibers from ______________ and ______________ receptors form collateral synapses with interneurons in the dorsal horns.

Back 25

touch and pressure

Front 26

What are first-order neurons?

Back 26

sensory receptors

Front 27

In the central main ascending pathway first-order neurons branch diffusely as they enter the spinal cord and medulla, some branches take part in which reflexes?

Back 27

spinal cord reflexes

Front 28

What are the three classifications of ascending sensory pathways?

Back 28

-First order neurone
-Second order neurone
-Third order neurone

Front 29

Which ascending sensory pathway builds the cell body of the posterior root ganglion?

Back 29

First order neurone

Front 30

Which ascending sensory pathway creates the cell body in the posterior gray column of the spinal cord where the axon cross the midline (decussate)?

Back 30

Second order neurone

Front 31

Which ascending sensory pathway is the cell body in the thalamus?

Back 31

Third order neurone

Front 32

Where do the specific and non-specific pathways send impulses and what are they responsible for?

Back 32

-send impulses to most parts of the cerebral cortex
-are responsible for discriminative touch and conscious propriception (knowing the orientation and placement of ones body in space)

Front 33

The spinocerebellar tracts send impulses to the __________________ and do not contribute to __________________ ____________________.

Back 33

sends impulses to the cerebellum and do not contribute to sensory perception

Front 34

What three senses does the non-specific ascending pathway account for?

Back 34

-pain
-temperature
-crude touch

Front 35

The non-specific ascending pathway is located within what structure?

Back 35

the lateral spinothalamic tract

Front 36

Specific ascending pathways are located within what three structures?

Back 36

-fasciculus gracilis tracts
-fasciculus cuneatus tracts
-medial lemniscal tracts

Front 37

The three structures that create the specific ascending pathway are all combined to form which main tract?

Back 37

spinocerebellar tract

Front 38

Descending tracts deliver efferent impulses from the ______________ to the _______________ and are divided into ________ groups.

Back 38

from the brain to the spinal cord and are divided into two groups

Front 39

What are the two divisions of the descending (motor) pathways?

Back 39

-Direct (pyramidal)
-Indirect

Front 40

How many neurons are involved in motor pathways?

Back 40

two (upper and lower)

Front 41

What movements is the direct pathway responsible for regulating? (2)

Back 41

fast and fine movements

Front 42

Where do direct pathways originate?

Back 42

within the pyramidal neurons in the precentral gyri

Front 43

Where are impulses sent in the direct pathway system?

Back 43

through the corticospinal tracts and synapse are in the anterior horn

Front 44

Stimulation of anterior horn neurons activates which muscles?

Back 44

skeletal muscles

Front 45

What four tracts does the indirect pathway system include?

Back 45

-Rubrospinal tracts
-Vestibulospinal tracts
-Reticulospinal tracts
-Tectospinal tracts

Front 46

What are the three main components of the indirect motor pathway system?

Back 46

-Brain stem
-motor nuclei
-motor pathways that are not part of the pyramidal system

Front 47

What does the indirect pathway regulate?

Back 47

-axial muscles associated with balance and posture
-muscles that control common movements of the proximal portions of limbs
-Head neck and eye movement

Front 48

What are the reticulospinal tracts responsible for?

Back 48

maintaining balance

Front 49

What are the rubrospinal tracts responsible for?

Back 49

controlling flexor muscles

Front 50

What are the superior colliculi and tectospinal tracts responsible for?

Back 50

mediating head movements

Front 51

What is flaccid paralysis and what are the influences it has on the body?

Back 51

-severe damage to the ventral root or anterior horn cells
-lower motor neurons are damaged and impulses do not reach the muscles
-loss of voluntary or involuntary muscle control

Front 52

What is spastic paralysis?

Back 52

-only upper motor neurons of the primary motor cortex are damaged
-while the spinal neurons remain intact the muscles are stimulated irregularly and there is a loss of voluntary muscle control

Front 53

What is transection of the spinal cord?

Back 53

-Cross sectioning of the spinal cord at any level which results in total loss of motor and sensory functions

Front 54

Where would the transection occur if the result was paraplegia?

Back 54

between T1 and L1

Front 55

Where would the transection occur if the result was quadriplegia?

Back 55

anywhere in the cervical region of the spine

Front 56

_____________ nervous system refers to all structures outside the brain and spinal cord.

Back 56

peripheral

Front 57

PNS includes what four structures?

Back 57

-sensory receptors
-peripheral nerves
-associated ganglia
-motor endings

Front 58

_____________ are structures that are specialized to respond to stimuli.

Back 58

sensory receptors

Front 59

What happens when the sensory receptors are activated?

Back 59

depolarization that triggers impulses to the CNS

Front 60

Which type of receptor is responsible for responding to touch, pressure, vibration, stretch, and itch?

Back 60

mechanoreceptors

Front 61

Which type of receptor is responsible for sensitivity to changes in temperature?

Back 61

thermoreceptors

Front 62

What type of receptor is responsible for responses to light energy (retina)?

Back 62

photoreceptors

Front 63

What type of receptor is responsible for responses to chemicals (smells, taste, changes in blood chemistry)?

Back 63

chemoreceptors

Front 64

What type of receptor is responsible for sensitivity to pain?

Back 64

Nociceptors

Front 65

What type of receptor responds to stimuli on the exterior surface of the body, it includes special sense organs?

Back 65

exteroceptors

Front 66

What type of receptor responds to stimuli occurring within the body, found in internal viscera and blood vessels (sensitive to chemical changes)?

Back 66

interoceptors

Front 67

What type of receptor gives the brain the ability to know where your body parts are in space? Found in skeletal muscles tendons and joints?

Back 67

proprioceptors

Front 68

What are complex receptors?

Back 68

special sense organs

Front 69

Most receptors are _______________ and include ________________ and ___________________ varieties.

Back 69

simple
encapsulated and unencapsulated

Front 70

What are unencapsulated simple receptors (3)?

Back 70

Free dendric nerve endings (respond mainly to temp. and pain)
Merkel discs
Hair follicle receptors

Front 71

What are encapsulated simple receptors (6)?

Back 71

Meissner’s corpuscles (tactile corpuscles)
Pacinian (respond to pressure / lamellated corpuscles) Muscle spindles
Golgi tendon organs
Ruffini’s corpuscles
Joint kinesthetic receptors

Front 72

________________ is the awareness of changes in the internal and external environment.

Back 72

sensation

Front 73

________________ is the conscious interpretation of sensational stimuli.

Back 73

perception

Front 74

In the somatosensory system input comes from __________________, _________________, and ________________.

Back 74

-exteroceptors
-proprioceptors
-interoceptors

Front 75

What are the three main levels of the neural integration in the somatosensory system?

Back 75

-Receptor Level (the sensor receptors)
-Circuit Level (ascending pathways)
-Perceptual Level (neuronal circuits in the cerebral cortex)

Front 76

When does adaptation occur in a sensory receptor and what changes are made?

Back 76

-When the receptor is subjected to an unchanging stimulus
- the receptor membranes become less responsive and the potentials decline in frequency or stop

Front 77

Which receptors do not exhibit adaptation?(2)

Back 77

Pain receptors and Proprioceptors

Front 78

Which receptors respond slowely?(3)

Back 78

Merkel’s discs
Ruffini’s corpuscles
Interoceptors

Front 79

How many neurons are in the neuronal chain which sends sensory impulses upward to the brain?

Back 79

3

Front 80

-Soma reside in the dorsal root or cranial ganglia and conduct impulses from the skin to the spinal cord or brain stem. This describes which order neuron?

Back 80

First-order neuron

Front 81

-Soma reside in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord or medullary nuclei and transmit impulses to the thalamus or cerebellum. This describes which order neuron?

Back 81

Second-order neuron

Front 82

-Located in the thalamus and conducts impulses to the somatosensory cortex (post central gyrus) of the cerebrum. This describes which order neuron?

Back 82

Third-order neuron

Front 83

What is perceptual detection?

Back 83

-detecting that a stimulus has occurred and requires summation

Front 84

What is magnitude estimation?

Back 84

-how much of a stimulus is acting

Front 85

What is spatial discrimination?

Back 85

-identifying the site or pattern of the stimulus

Front 86

What is feature abstraction?

Back 86

-used to identify a substances that have a specific texture or shape

Front 87

What is quality discrimination?

Back 87

-the ability to identify submodalities of a sensation (sweet and sour tastes)

Front 88

What is the pattern of recognition?

Back 88

-the ability to recognize patterns in stimuli

Front 89

Sensory (_____________) nerve fibers carry impulses ___ CNS.

Back 89

afferent nerve fibers carry impulses to CNS

Front 90

Motor (_____________) nerve fibers carry impulses ____ CNS.

Back 90

efferent nerve fibers carry impulses from CNS

Front 91

What is the most common type of nerve? It carries impulses both to and from the CNS.

Back 91

Mixed nerve fibers

Front 92

______________ nerves carry somatic (body impulses) and autonomic (visceral) impulses to and from the CNS.

Back 92

Mixed nerves

Front 93

What are the four types of mixed nerves?

Back 93

-Somatic afferent
-Visceral afferent
-Somatic efferent
-Visceral efferent

Front 94

Where do peripheral nerves originate?

Back 94

the brain or spinal cord

Front 95

When can damage to a nerve fiber be repaired?

Back 95

if the soma remains intact

Front 96

In regeneration of nerve fibers, what are the responsibilities of macrophages, Schwann cells, and axons?

Back 96

-Macrophages remove debris from the area
-Schwann cells for a regeneration tube around the nerve and secrete growth factors
-axons actually regenerate the damaged section of the nerve.