Issues In Criminal Law Final

Front 1

sodomy

Back 1

oral or anal copulation between people of the same or different gender or between a human being and an animal

Front 2

assault

Back 2

Attempted or threatened battery. A willful attempt or willful threat to inflict injury on another person.

Front 3

battery

Back 3

( 1) Unlawful physical violence inflicted on another without his or her consent.

Front 4

mayhem

Back 4

The intentional infliction of injury on another that causes the removal of, seriously disfigures, or impairs the function of a member or organ of the body.

Front 5

present ability

Back 5

As used in assault statutes, a term meaning that the person attempting assault is physically capable of immediately carrying it out.

Front 6

bodily injury

Back 6

Physical harm to a human being. In cases of assault and battery, the term refers to the unlawful application of physical force on the person of the victim— even when no actual physical harm results.

Front 7

aggravated assault

Back 7

An assault that is committed with the intention of committing an additional crime, such as assault with intent to commit a felony; assault with intent to murder; assault with intent to commit rape, sodomy, mayhem, robbery, or grand larceny; and assault with intent to commit any other felony.

Front 8

stalking

Back 8

The intentional frightening of another through following, harassing, annoying, tormenting, or terrorizing activities.

Front 9

constructive touching

Back 9

A touching that is inferred or implied from prevailing circumstances. Also, a touching for purposes of the law.

Front 10

sexual battery

Back 10

The unlawful touching of an intimate part of another person against that person’s will and for the purpose of sexual arousal, gratification, or abuse.

Front 11

effective consent/ legal consent

Back 11

consent that has been obtained in a legal manner.

Front 12

aggravated battery

Back 12

A battery that is committed with the use of a deadly weapon, that is committed with the intention of committing another crime, or that results in serious injury.

Front 13

criminal sexual conduct

Back 13

A gender- neutral term applied today to a wide variety of sex offenses, including rape, sodomy, criminal sexual conduct with children, and deviate sexual behavior.

Front 14

rape

Back 14

Under common law, unlawful sexual intercourse with a female without her consent. Today, rape statutes in a number of jurisdictions encompass unlawful sexual intercourse between members of the same gender.

Front 15

deviate sexual intercourse

Back 15

Any contact between any part of the genitals of one person and the mouth or anus of another.

Front 16

spousal rape

Back 16

the rape of one's spouse

Front 17

forcible rape

Back 17

Rape that is accomplished against a person’s will by means of force, violence, duress, menace, or fear of immediate and unlawful bodily injury to the victim.

Front 18

statutory rape

Back 18

sexual intercourse, whether consensual or not, with a person under the age of consent, as specified by statute.

Front 19

rape shield law

Back 19

a statute intended to protect victims of rape by limiting a defendants in court use of a victim's sexual history

Front 20

probative value

Back 20

the worth of any evidence to prove or disprove the facts at issue

Front 21

sexual assault

Back 21

A statutory crime that combines all sexual offenses into one offense ( often with various degrees). It is broader than the common law crime of rape.

Front 22

fellatio

Back 22

oral stimulation of the penis

Front 23

sexual contact

Back 23

Any touching of the anus, breast, or any part of the genitals of another person with intent to arouse or gratify the sexual desire of any person.

Front 24

kidnapping

Back 24

The unlawful removal of a person from the place where he or she is found, against that person’s will, and through the use of force, fraud, threats, or some other form of intimidation.

Front 25

fake imprisonment

Back 25

The unlawful restraint of another person’s liberty. Also, the unlawful detention of a person without his or her consent. Also called false arrest.

Front 26

theft

Back 26

a general term embracing a wide variety of misconduct by which a person is unlawfully deprived of his or her property

Front 27

acquisitive offense

Back 27

A crime that involves the unlawful acquiring or appropriation of someone else’s property. Larceny, extortion, embezzlement, false pretenses, robbery, and the receiving of stolen property are all acquisitive offenses. Also called wrongful acquisition crime and crime of misappropriation.

Front 28

larceny

Back 28

The trespassory or wrongful taking and carrying away ( asportation) of the personal property of another with intent to steal.

Front 29

tangible property

Back 29

property that has physical form and can be touched, such as land, goods, jewelry, and furniture. also movable property that can be taken and carried away

Front 30

personal property

Back 30

anything of value that is subject to ownership and that is not land or fixture

Front 31

fixture

Back 31

an item that is permanently affixed to the land

Front 32

intangible property

Back 32

Property that has no intrinsic value but that represents something of value. Intangible personal property may include documents, deeds, records of ownership, promissory notes, stock certificates, computer software, and intellectual property.

Front 33

real property

Back 33

land and fixtures

Front 34

trespassory taking

Back 34

for crimes of theft, a taking without the consent of the victim

Front 35

asportation

Back 35

the trespassory taking and carrying away (as of personal property in the crime of larceny or of the victim in kidnapping)

Front 36

claim of right

Back 36

A defense against a charge of larceny that consists of an honest belief in ownership or right to possession.

Front 37

embezzlement

Back 37

The misappropriation of property already in the possession of the defendant. Also, the unlawful conversion of the personal property of another by a person to whom it has been entrusted by ( or for) its rightful owner.

Front 38

conversion

Back 38

The unauthorized assumption of the right of ownership. Conversion is a central feature of the crime of embezzlement, as in the unlawful conversion of the personal property of another, by a person to whom it has been entrusted.

Front 39

false pretenses

Back 39

Knowingly and unlawfully obtaining title to, and possession of, the lawful property of another by means of deception and with intent to de-fraud. Also called obtaining property by false pretenses.

Front 40

forgery

Back 40

the making of a false written instrument or the material alteration of an existing genuine written instrument

Front 41

uttering

Back 41

The offering, passing, or attempted passing of a forged instrument with knowledge that the document is false and with intent to defraud.

Front 42

criminal simulation

Back 42

the making of a false document or object that does not have any apparent legal significance

Front 43

receiving stolen property

Back 43

( 1) Knowingly taking possession of or control over property that has been unlawfully stolen from another.

Front 44

robbery

Back 44

The unlawful taking of property that is in the immediate possession of another by force or by threat of force. Also, larceny from a person by violence or intimidation or by placing the person in fear.

Front 45

extortion

Back 45

the taking of personal property by threat of future harm

Front 46

blackmail

Back 46

a form of extortion in which a threat is made to disclose a crime or other social disgrace

Front 47

compounding a crime

Back 47

The receipt of property or other valuable consideration in exchange for agreeing to conceal or not prosecute one who has committed a crime. i Also called compounding a felony.

Front 48

identity theft

Back 48

The unauthorized use of another individual’s personal identity to fraudulently obtain money, goods, or services; to avoid the payment of debt; or to avoid criminal prosecution.

Front 49

burglary

Back 49

The breaking and entering of a building, locked automobile, boat, and so on, with the intent to commit a felony or theft. Also, the entering of a structure for the purposes of committing a felony or theft.

Front 50

constructive entry

Back 50

In the crime of burglary, an entry that occurs when the defendant causes another person to enter a structure to commit a crime or for a felonious purpose.

Front 51

criminal trespass

Back 51

The entering or remaining on the property or in the building of another when entry was forbidden.

Front 52

criminal mischief

Back 52

The intentional or knowing damage or destruction of the tangible property of another.

Front 53

looting

Back 53

Burglary committed within an affected geographic area during an officially declared state of emergency or during a local emergency resulting from an earthquake, fire, flood, riot, or other disaster.

Front 54

arson

Back 54

The knowing and malicious burning of the personal property of another or the burning of one’s own property if the purpose is to collect insurance money.

Front 55

intellectual property

Back 55

A form of creative endeavor that can be protected through patent, copyright, trademark, or other legal means. Intellectual property includes proprietary knowledge, trade secrets, confidentiality agreements, know- how, ideas, inventions, creations, technologies, processes, works of art and literature, and scientific discoveries or improvements.

Front 56

computer crime

Back 56

A crime that employs computer technology as central to its commission and that could not take place without such technology. Also called cybercrime.

Front 57

computer fraud

Back 57

A statutory provision, found in many states, that makes it unlawful for any person to use a computer or computer network without authority and with the intent to ( 1) obtain property or services by false pretenses, ( 2) embezzle or commit larceny, or ( 3) convert the property of another.

Front 58

computer trespass

Back 58

The offense of using a computer or computer network without authority and with the intent to ( 1) remove computer data, computer programs, or computer software from a computer or computer network; ( 2) cause a computer to malfunction; ( 3) alter or erase any computer data, computer programs, or computer software; ( 4) effect the creation or alteration of a financial instrument or of an electronic transfer of funds; ( 5) cause physical injury to the property of another; or ( 6) make or cause to be made an unauthorized copy of data stored on a computer or of computer programs or com-puter software.

Front 59

theft of computer services

Back 59

the willful use of a computer or computer network with the intent to obtain computer services without authority

Front 60

personal trespass by computer

Back 60

the use of a computer or computer network without authority and with the intent to cause physical injury to an individual

Front 61

computer tampering

Back 61

Illegally inserting or attempting to insert a “ program” into a computer, while knowing or believing that the “ program” contains information or commands that will or may damage or destroy that computer ( or its data), or any other computer ( or its data) accessing or being accessed by that computer, or that will or may cause loss to the users of that computer or the users of a computer that accesses or that is accessed by such “ program.” ii

Front 62

breach of peace

Back 62

Any unlawful activity that unreasonably disturbs the peace and tranquility of the community. Also, “ an act calculated to disturb the public peace.”

Front 63

fighting words

Back 63

Words that, by their very utterance, inflict injury or tend to incite an immediate breach of peace. Fighting words are not protected by the free speech clause of the First Amendment to the U. S. Constitution.

Front 64

disorderly conduct

Back 64

specific, purposeful and unlawful behavior that tends to cause public inconvenience, annoyance, or alarm

Front 65

affray

Back 65

a fight between two or more people in a public place to the terror of others

Front 66

prize fighting

Back 66

unlawful public fighting undertaken for the purpose of winning an award or a prize

Front 67

driving while intoxicated (DWI)

Back 67

unlawfully operating a motor vehicle while under the influence of alcohol

Front 68

driving under the influence (DUI)

Back 68

unlawfully operating a motor vehicle while under the influence of alcohol or drugs (or both)

Front 69

public drunkenness

Back 69

the offense of being in a state of intoxication in a place accessible to the public

Front 70

unlawful assembly

Back 70

a gathering of three or more people for the purpose of doing an unlawful act or for the purpose of doing a lawful act in a violent, boisterous, or tumultuous manner

Front 71

rout

Back 71

the preparatory stage of a riot

Front 72

riot

Back 72

A tumultuous disturbance of the peace by three or more people assembled of their own authority.

Front 73

inciting a riot

Back 73

the use of words or other means to intentionally provoke a riot

Front 74

lynching

Back 74

the taking, by means of riot, of any person from the lawful custody of a peace officer

Front 75

rescuing a prisoner

Back 75

A crime that is committed when one or more people rescue or attempt to rescue any person being held in lawful custody.

Front 76

disturbance of public assembly

Back 76

A crime that occurs when one or more people act unlawfully at a public gathering collected for a lawful purpose in such a way as to purposefully disturb the gathering.

Front 77

vagrancy

Back 77

Under common law, the act of going about from place to place by a person without visible means of support, who was idle, and who, though able to work for his or her maintenance, refused to do so and lived without labor or on the charity of others.

Front 78

vagrant

Back 78

a wanderer; an idle person who being able to maintain him or herself by lawful labor, either refuses to work or resorts to unlawful practices such as begging, to gain a living.

Front 79

status

Back 79

a person's state of being

Front 80

loitering

Back 80

the act of delaying, lingering or idling about without a lawful reason for being present

Front 81

concealed weapon

Back 81

a weapon that is carried on or near one's person and its not discernible by ordinary observation

Front 82

rebellion

Back 82

deliberate, organized resistance by force and arms, to the laws or operations of the government, committed by a subject of that government.

Front 83

espionage

Back 83

the unlawful act of spying for a foreign government

Front 84

sedition

Back 84

a crime that consists of a communication or agreement intended to defame the government or to incite treason

Front 85

perjury

Back 85

The willful giving of false testimony under oath in a judicial proceeding. Also, false testimony given under any lawfully administered oath.

Front 86

subornation of perjury

Back 86

The unlawful procuring of another person to commit perjury.

Front 87

criminal contempt

Back 87

Deliberate conduct calculated to obstruct or embarrass a court of law. Also, conduct intended to degrade the role of a judicial officer in administering justice.

Front 88

obstruction of justice

Back 88

An unlawful attempt to interfere with the administration of the courts, the judicial system, or law enforcement officers or with the activities of those who seek justice in a court or whose duties involve the administration of justice.

Front 89

resisting arrest

Back 89

the crime of obstructing or opposing a peace officer who is making an arrest

Front 90

escape

Back 90

The unlawful leaving of official custody or confinement without permission. Also, the failure to return to custody or confinement following an official temporary leave.

Front 91

misconduct in office

Back 91

Acts that a public officeholder ( 1) has no right to perform, ( 2) performs improperly, or ( 3) fails to perform in the face of an affirmative duty to act.

Front 92

bribery

Back 92

The offense of giving or receiving a gift or reward intended to influence a person in the exercise of a judicial or public duty.

Front 93

victimless crime

Back 93

An offense committed against the social values and interests represented in and protected by the criminal law and in which parties to the offense willingly participate.

Front 94

prostitution

Back 94

“ The offering or receiving of the body for sexual intercourse for hire.”

Front 95

soliciting prostitution

Back 95

The act of asking, enticing, or requesting another to commit the crime of prostitution.

Front 96

promoting prostitution

Back 96

The statutory offense of ( 1) owning, controlling, managing, supervising, or otherwise keeping a house of prostitution; ( 2) procuring a person for a house of prostitution; ( 3) encouraging, inducing, or otherwise purposely causing another to become or remain a prostitute; ( 4) soliciting a person to patronize a prostitute; ( 5) procuring a prostitute for another; or ( 6) transporting a person with the purpose of promoting that person’s involvement in prostitution.

Front 97

keeping a place of prostitution

Back 97

knowingly granting or permitting the use of a place for the purpose of prostitution

Front 98

pimping

Back 98

Aiding, abetting, counseling, or commanding another in the commission of prostitution. Also, the act of procuring a prostitute for another.

Front 99

pandering

Back 99

soliciting a person to perform an act of prostitution

Front 100

pornography

Back 100

The “ depiction of sexual behavior in such a way as to excite the viewer sexually.”

Front 101

obscenity

Back 101

That which appeals to the prurient interest and lacks serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value.

Front 102

prurient interest

Back 102

A morbid interest in sex; an “obsession with lascivious and immoral matters.”

Front 103

child pornography

Back 103

the depiction of sexual behavior involving children

Front 104

lewdness

Back 104

obscene behavior

Front 105

lascivious

Back 105

that which is obscene or lewd or tends to cause lust

Front 106

indecent exposure/ public indecency

Back 106

The willful exposure of the private parts of one person to the sight of another person in a public place with the intent to arouse or gratify sexual desires.

Front 107

fornication

Back 107

voluntary sexual intercourse between two people, one of whom is unmarried

Front 108

adultery

Back 108

sexual intercourse between a male and a female, at least one of whom is married to someone else

Front 109

crime against nature

Back 109

A general term that can include homosexual or heterosexual acts of anal intercourse, oral inter-course, and bestiality and that may even apply to heterosexual intercourse in positions other than the conventional “ missionary” position.

Front 110

bestiality

Back 110

sexual relations with animals

Front 111

buggery

Back 111

anal intercourse

Front 112

bigamy

Back 112

the crime of marrying one person while still legally married to another person

Front 113

polygamy

Back 113

the state of having more than one wife or husband at the same time

Front 114

incest

Back 114

unlawful sexual intercourse with a relative through blood or marriage

Front 115

gambling

Back 115

the wagering of money, or of some other thing of value, on the outcome or occurrence of an event. also called gaming

Front 116

drug

Back 116

any of a wide variety of substances having a physical or psychotropic effect on the human body

Front 117

controlled substance

Back 117

A specifically defined bioactive or psychoactive chemical substance that comes under the purview of the criminal law.

Front 118

designer drug

Back 118

A chemical substance that ( 1) has a potential for abuse similar to or greater than that of controlled substances, ( 2) is designed to produce a desired pharmacological effect, and ( 3) is produced to evade the controlling statutory provisions.

Front 119

precursor chemical

Back 119

a chemical that may be use in the manufacture of a controlled substance

Front 120

forfeiture

Back 120

An enforcement strategy supported by federal statutes and some state laws that authorizes judges to seize “ all monies, negotiable instruments, securities, or other things of value furnished or intended to be furnished by any person in exchange for a controlled substance . . . [ and] all proceeds traceable to such an exchange.”

Front 121

RICO statute

Back 121

A section of the federal Organized Crime Control Act known as the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations provision.

Front 122

terrorism

Back 122

The commission of a traditional crime, such as murder, with the intention of coercing a population or influencing a government through fear or intimidation.

Front 123

treason

Back 123

The crime of levying war against, or supporting the enemy of, one’s nation. It is the only crime specifically mentioned in the U. S. Constitution.

Front 124

foreign intelligence surveillance act of 1978 (FISA)

Back 124

The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 is the primary federal statute governing the col-lection of foreign intelligence by federal law enforcement agencies. Significant amendments to FISA were passed in 2001 through the USA PATRIOT Act and again in 2008.

Front 125

habeas corpus

Back 125

Literally, “ you have the body”; a writ challenging the legality of incarceration, or a writ ordering a prisoner to be brought before a court to determine the legality of the prisoner’s detention.

Front 126

USA Patriot Act

Back 126

A federal statute enacted immediately following, and in response to, the terrorist attacks on the United States on September 11, 2001. The statute increased federal law enforcement authority to prevent, detect, and prosecute terrorists.

Front 127

human smuggling

Back 127

Illegal immigration in which an agent is paid to help a person cross a national border clandes-tinely.

Front 128

trafficking in persons (TIP)

Back 128

The exploitation of unwilling or unwitting people through force, coercion, threat, or deception.

Front 129

sex trafficking

Back 129

The recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for the purpose of a commercial sex act.

Front 130

national crime victimization survey (NCVS)

Back 130

A survey, conducted annually by the Bureau of Justice Statistics, that provides data on households that report having been affected by crime.

Front 131

victim

Back 131

“Any individual against whom an offense has been committed,” or for certain procedural purposes, “ a parent or legal guardian if the victim is below the age of eighteen years or incompetent” or “ one or more family members or relatives designated by the court if the victim is deceased or incapacitated.”

Front 132

golden age of the victim

Back 132

A historical epoch during which victims had well- recognized rights, including a personal say in imposing punishments on apprehended offenders.

Front 133

postcrime victimization

Back 133

Problems for the victim that follow from an initial victimization, such as loss of employment, inability to pay medical bills, and insensitivity of family members. Also called secondary victimization.

Front 134

victim-assistance program

Back 134

a service organization that works to provide comfort and assistance to victims of crime and to witnesses

Front 135

victims' rights

Back 135

the fundamental right of victims to be equitably represented throughout the criminal justice process

Front 136

right of allocution

Back 136

A statutory provision permitting crime victims to speak at the sentencing of convicted offenders. A federal right of allocution was established for victims of federal violent and sex crimes under the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994.

Front 137

son of sam law

Back 137

A statute that provides support for the rights of victims by denying convicted offenders the opportunity to further capitalize on their crimes. Son of Sam laws set the stage for civil action against infamous offenders who might otherwise profit from the sale of their story. Also called notoriety- for-profit law.

Front 138

victim impact statement

Back 138

The in- court use of victim- or survivor- supplied information by sentencing authorities who want to make an informed sentencing decision. Also, a written document that describes the losses, suffering, and trauma experienced by the crime victim or by the victim’s survivors.

Front 139

uniform crime reporting (UCR) program

Back 139

A data- collection program run by the Federal Bureau of Investigation that tallies crime statistics annually. Reports under the program consist primarily of data on crimes reported to the police and of arrests.

Front 140

restitution

Back 140

A court requirement that a convicted offender pay money or provide services to the victim of the crime or provide services to the community.

Front 141

sentencing

Back 141

The process through which a sentencing authority imposes a lawful punishment or other sanction on a person convicted of violating the criminal law.

Front 142

just deserts

Back 142

A model of criminal sentencing that holds that criminal offenders deserve the punishment they receive at the hands of the state and that suggests that punishments should be appropriate to the type and severity of crime committed.

Front 143

retribution

Back 143

The act of taking revenge on a criminal perpetrator. The most punishment- oriented of all sen-tencing goals, retribution claims that we are justified in punishing offenders because they deserve it.

Front 144

deterrence

Back 144

A goal of criminal sentencing that seeks to prevent others from committing crimes similar to the one for which an offender is being sentenced.

Front 145

specific deterrence

Back 145

A goal of criminal sentencing that seeks to prevent a particular offender from engaging in repeat criminality.

Front 146

general deterrence

Back 146

A goal of criminal sentencing that seeks to prevent others from committing crimes similar to the one for which a particular offender is being sentenced by making an example of the person sentenced.

Front 147

rehabilitation

Back 147

The attempt to reform a criminal offender. Also, the state in which a reformed offender is said to be.

Front 148

restoration

Back 148

A sentencing goal that seeks to make victims and the community “ whole again.”

Front 149

restorative justice

Back 149

A sentencing model that builds on restitution and community participation in an attempt to make the victim “ whole again.”

Front 150

incapacitation

Back 150

The use of imprisonment or other means to reduce the likelihood that an offender will be capable of committing future offenses.

Front 151

habitual offender

Back 151

A person sentenced under the provisions of a statute declaring that those who are convicted of a given offense and are shown to have previously been convicted of another specified offense( s) shall receive a more severe penalty than that for the current offense alone.

Front 152

career offender

Back 152

Under federal sentencing guidelines, a person who ( 1) is at least 18 years old at the time of the most recent offense, ( 2) is convicted of a felony that is either a crime of violence or a controlled substance offense, and ( 3) has at least two prior felony convictions of either a crime of violence or a controlled substance offense.

Front 153

three-strikes legislation

Back 153

Statutory provisions that mandate lengthy prison terms for criminal offenders convicted of a third violent crime or felony.

Front 154

selective incapacitation

Back 154

A sentencing strategy that imprisons or otherwise removes from society a select group of offenders, especially those considered to be most dangerous.

Front 155

indeterminate sentence

Back 155

A relatively unspecific term of incarceration stated as a minimum and maximum time to be served ( such as a term of imprisonment of “ from one to ten years”).

Front 156

consecutive sentence

Back 156

One of two or more sentences imposed at the same time, after conviction for more than one offense, and served in sequence with the other sentences.

Front 157

concurrent sentence

Back 157

One of two or more sentences imposed at the same time, after conviction for more than one offense, and to be served simultaneously.

Front 158

determinate sentence

Back 158

A fixed term of incarceration specified by law. Also called presumptive or fixed sentence.

Front 159

proportionality

Back 159

A sentencing principle that holds that the severity of sanctions should bear a direct relationship to the seriousness of the crime committed.

Front 160

equity

Back 160

A sentencing principle, based on concerns with social equality, that holds that similar crimes should be punished with the same degree of severity, regardless of the social or personal characteristics of the offenders.

Front 161

social debt

Back 161

A sentencing principle that objectively counts an offender’s criminal history in sentencing decisions.

Front 162

aggravating factor

Back 162

an element of an offense or of an offender’s background that could result in a harsher sentence under the determinate sentencing model than would otherwise be called for by sentencing guidelines.

Front 163

mitigating factor

Back 163

A circumstance surrounding the commission of a crime that does not in law justify or excuse the act but that in fairness may be considered as reducing the blame-worthiness of the offender.

Front 164

truth in sentencing

Back 164

“ A close correspondence between the sentence imposed upon those sent to prison and the time actually served prior to prison release.”

Front 165

plea bargaining

Back 165

The process of negotiating an agreement among the defendant, the prosecutor, and the court as to what an appropriate plea and associated sentence should be in a given case.

Front 166

probation

Back 166

A sentence of imprisonment that is suspended. Also, the conditional freedom granted by a judicial officer to an adjudicated or adjudged adult or juvenile offender, as long as the person meets certain condtions of behavior.

Front 167

hate crime

Back 167

A criminal offense in which the defendant’s conduct was motivated by hatred, bias, or prejudice, based on the actual or perceived race, color, religion, national origin, ethnicity, gender, or sexual orientation of another individual or group of individuals. Also called bias crime.

Front 168

capital punishment

Back 168

the imposition of a sentence of death

Front 169

intermediate sanctions

Back 169

The use of split sentencing, shock probation and parole, home confinement, shock incarceration, and community service in lieu of other, more traditional sanctions, such as imprisonment and fines. Intermediate sanctions are becoming increasingly popular as prisons become more crowded. Also called alternative sanctions.

Front 170

split sentence

Back 170

A sentence explicitly requiring the convicted person to serve a period of confinement in a local, state, or federal facility, followed by a period of probation.

Front 171

shock probation

Back 171

The practice of sentencing offenders to prison, allowing them to apply for probationary release, and granting release in surprise fashion. Offenders who receive shock probation may not be aware that they will be released on probation and may expect to spend a much longer time behind bars.

Front 172

shock incarceration

Back 172

A sentencing option that makes use of “ boot camp”– type prisons in order to impress on convicted offenders the realities of prison life.

Front 173

mixed sentence

Back 173

A sentence that requires a convicted offender to serve weekends ( or other specified periods of time) in a confinement facility ( usually a jail), while undergoing probation supervision in the community.

Front 174

community service

Back 174

a sentencing alternative that requires offenders to spend at least part of their time working for a community agency

Front 175

intensive supervision

Back 175

A form of probation supervision involving frequent face- to- face contacts between the probationary client and probation officers.

Front 176

home confinement

Back 176

A form of punishment in which individuals are confined to their homes and may be monitored electronically to be sure they do not leave during the hours of confinement. Absence from the home during working hours is often permitted. Also called house arrest.