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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Politics
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process of determining who gets what, when, how (Harold Laswell)
OR authoritative allocation of values in a society (David Easton) |
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Polity
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the institutions of politics, such as the 3 branches of government
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Policy
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a deliberate plan of action to guide decisions and achieve a rational outcome
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Democracy
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rule by the people
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Political liberalism
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openness: free and open press, etc.
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Political pluralism
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tolerance for difference
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Political participation
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local, national organizations, etc. (not just voting)
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Power
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man's ability to control the minds and actions of others, even against resistance
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Influence
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shaping or changing the behavior of others without passive or active threat; being able to achieve one's goals in the actions of others
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International politics
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the study of the authoritative allocation of values between states
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Nation
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a group of people with common ethnic, linguistic, or cultural characteristics
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State
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A legal entity with a well-defined territory, permanent population, and soverignty
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Foreign policy
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The goals U.S. officials seek to attain abroad; the values that give rise to those objectives and the means or instruments through which they are pursued
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Realism
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Politics is a struggle among self-interested states for power and position, each pursuing its national interest
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Zero-sum game
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An exchange in which what is gained by one competitor is lost by the other
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Neo-realism
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state's behavior is explained by the differences in their relative (military) power in the global hierarchy; (global) structures determine the behavior of actors within the system
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Liberalism
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political theory based on the importance of individuals and the value of political institutions in creating a more orderly and cooperative system
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Constructivism
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core aspects of international relations are socially constructed; that is, they are given their form by ongoing processes of social practice and interaction
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Feminism
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a critical approach that emphasizes how political interactions affect women and how gender biases influence contemporary IR theory
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Marxism
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the economic and political theory that holds that human actions and institutions are economically determined and that class struggle is needed to create historical change and that capitalism will ultimately be superseded by communism
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Game Theory
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game theory attempts to mathematically capture behavior in strategic situations, in which an individual's success in making choices depends on the choices of others
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Opportunity cost
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the value of the next best alternative foregone as the result of making a decision
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Negative externalities
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negative side effect on an actor or issue not directly involved in the policy choice
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Satisficing behavior
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choosing the first alternative that meets the basic needs (rather than the best)
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Prospect theory
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the idea that when leaders take bold or risky policy initiatives, they have a great difficulty admitting to and correcting mistakes once the decisions are made
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Bureaucracy
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an institution that implements policy
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"Great Man" Theory
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foreign policy decisions and the course of history are the product of strong-willed leaders acting on their personal convictions
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Polarity
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the distribution of power among members of the global system
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Polarization
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the degree to which states cluster around more powerful states
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Diversionary Theory of War (aka Wag the Dog)
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the theory that sometimes leaders initiate foreign conflict to divert public attention from domestic problems
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Long-cycle Theory
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a theory that focuses on the rise and fall of the leading global power as the central political process of the modern world system
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Hegemonic Stability theory
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maintains that global dominance by a single great power is necessary to maintain stability in the system
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Containment Theory
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U.S. policy using military, economic, and diplomatic strategies to temper the spread of communism and enhance America's security and influence abroad; suggested by George Kennan's "long telegram"
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Dual Containment
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while we tried to contain Soviet expansion, Soviets tried to contain our expansion
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Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD)
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doctrine of military strategy in which a full-scale use of nuclear weapons by two opposing sides would effectively result in the destruction of both the attacker and the defender
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Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (ABM)
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treaty between the US and USSR limiting AMB systems used in defending areas against ICBMs; signed in 1972, it was in force for 30 years until the US unilaterally withdrew from it in 2002
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Reagan Doctrine
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US promise to support anticommunist insurgents attempting to overthrow Soviet-backed regimes
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Bush Doctrine
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anticipatory self-defense
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Wealth
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an accumulation of goods and resources having economic value; having the means of want satisfaction
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economics
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the science which studies human behavior as a relationship between ends and scarce means which have alternative uses
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International Political Economy
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(systems level) the reciprocal and dynamic interactions in international relations in the pursuit of wealth and power
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Global North
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wealthy industrialized countries mostly located in the northern hemisphere
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Global South
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"Third World"; less-developed countries mostly located in the southern hemisphere
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Washington Consensus
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the view that Global South countries can best achieve sustained economic growth through democratic governance, fiscal discipline, free markets, reliance on private enterprise, and trade liberalization
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Geopolitics
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the relationship between geography and politics and their consequences for states' national interests and relative power
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Geoeconomics
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the relationship between geography and the economic conditions and behavior of states that define their levels of production, trade, and consumption
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Globalization
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the integration of states through increased communications, trade, and the spread of technology
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Capital flows
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investments that cross borders stimulated by technology; can be debt, FDI, equity, etc.
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League of Nations Structure
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a general association of nations must be formed under specific covenants for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike
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(I)NGOs
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transnational organizations of private citizens (non-state) that come together to pursue common interests (often non-profit)
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Human Rights
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inalienable political and civil rights recognized by the international community
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Civil Society
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the totality of voluntary civic and social organizations and institutions that form the basis of a functioning society, distinct from the state and the market; horizontal satisfaction in a society
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Human Development Index (HDI)
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an index used to rank countries by level of "human development"
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Gender mainstreaming
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equal access and opportunity for both genders
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Culturally sensitive programming
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recognize that value and roles of women vary from society to society
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Human security
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a measure popular in liberal theory that argues that the focus of security should be the individual rather than the state; holds that a people-centered view of security is necessary for national, regional, and global stability
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War
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a reciprocated, armed conflict between two or more entities aimed at achieving a subjectively designed, geopolitically desired outcome
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Conflict
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discord arising from a perceived incompatibility of interests
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Armed Aggression
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combat between the military forces of two or more states or groups
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Civil war
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armed conflict between parties within the same state
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(International) terrorism
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the repeated use of politically motivated violence with coercive intent by nonstate actors (that affects more than one state)
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proliferation
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the spread of weapon capabilities from a few to many states in a chain reaction, so than an increasing number of states gain the ability to launch an attack on other states with devastating (e.g. nuclear) weapons
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Nth country problem
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the expansion of additional new nuclear weapon states
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Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT)
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an international agreement that seeks to prevent horizontal proliferation by prohibiting further nuclear weapons sales, acquisitions, or production
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Multiple Independently Targetable Reentry vehicles (MIRVs)
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a technological innovation permitting many weapons to be delivered from a single missle
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