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99 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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When is the economic injury level highest in sunflowers?
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When they are producing seeds
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How does a wet vs dry year affect soybean damage?
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Wet year = needs higher density of insects to have significant damage
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Types of economic thresholds
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Subjective, objective (fixed, descriptive)
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Subjective economic thresholds
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No numbers, based on previous experience, most common
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Fixed economic thresholds
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Conservative percentage of EIL, used for grapes, rice, soy
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Descriptive economic thresholds
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Estimate insect density, based on research
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Colorado potato beetles
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Needs control every year, direct pests
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Subeconomic pests
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Wooly bear, tent caterpillars, mealybugs. Don't bother controlling
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Green cloverworm
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Economic but occasional pest, use cheap tactics to control when a problem
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Coddling moth
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Direct pest, doesn't take many to be economic/severe pest, just automatically control every year
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Economic and severe pests
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Usually for high value crops, pests that vector plant pathogens, economic threshold not relevant, just control automaticall
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Limitations of of EIL concept
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Can't assess preventative tactics, can't express impact of medical/nuisance/urban landscape/forest pests
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3 primary management strategies of agri pests
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Reduce carrying capacity of environ (make life hard for pest), reduce susceptibility of crop, lower equilibrium position of pest
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Reduce carrying capacity of environ
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Crop rotation for corn rootworm, eliminate weedy crop borders/alternative host plants, thin pine stands to control bark beetles
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Reduce susceptibility of crop
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Host plant resistance, trap crops, soil trenching for Colorado potato beetle (beetles fall into ditch), host evasion technique
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Use of trap crops
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Lygus bugs move to alfalfa because they like it better, cotton isn't damaged
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Hessian fly
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Wheat pest, maps used to know when to plant wheat to avoid them
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Reduce equilibrium position of pest
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Insecticides. Sanitation: eliminate fallen apples that harbor codling moth, tilling to kill overwintering European corn borer, eliminate hiding places, eliminate food/resources, avoid artificial lights that attract prey of spiders
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Ways to use sanitation against roaches
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Prevent access to water, line inside of toilet tank with vasoline
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Silverfish/sowbug sanitation
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Reduce humidity
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Ways to reduce susceptibility to pests
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Cold treatment to prevent introduction of pests, physical exclusion
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Methods of physical exclusion
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Screens, beaded curtains, particle treatment (termites), termite shield, paint (wood boring beeltes/carpenter bees), keep fabric/food in sealed containers
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Bagworm control
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Mechanical (pick off by hand)
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Tent caterpillar control
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Prune off
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Solarization
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Thermal remediation, wrap in black plastic and leave in sun to treat clothes moths/bed bugs
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Thermal remediation for termites
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Cold treatment with liquid nitrogen, good for small/easy accessible populations
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Electrocution of termites
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Very focused method for small populations
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Most common breeding ground for mosquitoes
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Rain gutters
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Deer ticks: reduce equilibrium position
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Don't like open yard/sun exposure
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Lice
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Resistant to insecticide shampoos, 50:50 vinegar/salad oil works
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Systematic insecticides are useful against what?
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Insects with piercing-sucking mouthparts
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Pyrethroids
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Stomach poison
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Types of insecticides
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Pour-on, contact, fumigants, dessicants, stomach poisons, nerve poisons, metabolic poisons
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What are fumigants used for?
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Termites, stored product pests
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Dessicants that abrade cuticular wax layer and cause dehydragion
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Boric acid, diatomaceous earth, silica gel
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Dessicants that dissolve cuticular wax layer
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Insecticidal soaps
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Nerve poisons work on what?
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Sodium channel, chloride channel, ACh receptors, GABA channels
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Sodium channel modulators
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DDT, pyrethrum, pyrethrin, pyrethroids
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ACh receptor agonists
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Bind to receptor, not broken down by AChE. Nicotine, spinosed, imidicloprid
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AChE antagonist
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Blocks enzyme action. Organophosphates, carbamates
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GABA channel activators
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Avermectins
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GABA channel antagonists
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Fipronil
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Metabolic poisons
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Inhibit enzymes of Kreb's cycle or of electron transport system
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Methoprene
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Insect growth regulator, juvenile hormone mimics
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Suitable targets for methoprene
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Species that are pests as adults: fleas, ants, mosquito, hornfly
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Boric acid
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Dessicant, inorganic, controls roaches, lasts years. Also stomach poison if eaten
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Diatomaceous earth
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Inorganic dessicant, roaches/bed bugs, non toxic, lasts years
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Silica gel
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Inorganic dessicant, lasts years
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Cryolite
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Inorganic, crystals damage digestive tract, nontoxic to people
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Bordeaux mixture
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Inorganic, MOA unknown
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Arsenicals
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Inorganic nerv poisons (Paris green, arsenates)
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Sulfur
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Inorganic, MOA unknown, very toxic against mites/chiggers but low mammal toxicity
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Kaolin
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Inorganic physical barrier, spray on apple trees, insects don't like to cross it
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Phosphine gases
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Inorganic fumigants, react with water to form phosphoric acid
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Sulfuryl flouride
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Inorganic fumigant, metabolic poison, burns eyes in humans
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Vikane
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Metabolic poison fumigant most common for termites
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Nicotine
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Nerve poison, organic botanical, used to be Black Leaf 40, serious nerve poison through skin so banned
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Rotenone
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Organic botanical nerve poison, from roots of tropical legumes, discovered by native people to toss into rivers and kill fish
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Pyrethrum
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Organic botanical nerve poison, works like DDT, blocks sodium channels, swift so used for stinging wasps
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Pyrethrins vs Pyrethroids
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Pyrethrins are extracts of flowers, Pyrethroids are synthesized
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Neem oil
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Organic botanical from seeds of neem tree of Indea, growth regulator, breaks down quickly in light so useful shortly before harvest, can't be synthasized
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limonene
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From peel of citrus fruits, nerve poison
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Avermectins
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From bacteria, nerve poison, useful on internal parasites/bot flies, low mammal tocixity, doesn't pass bloo-brain barrier, systemic in plants
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Chlorfenapyr
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From soil bacterial, metabolic poisons, useful for termites because they don't avoid it
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Spinosad
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From soil bacteria, nerve poison
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HCN
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Synthetic nerve poison, very toxic, one of first fumigants, Zyklon B used by Nazis during WWII
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Methyl bromide
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Synthetic fumigant nerve poison, deplete ozone layer so banned
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Organochlorines
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Synthetic nerve poison, DDT, Alderin, dieldrin, chlordane, banned due to persistence in environment
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Organophosphates
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Synthetic nerve poison, replaced organochlorines, break down in environment
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Malthion
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Organophosphate, flea and tick collars, head lice control, lots of brand names
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Permethrin
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Nerve poison, pyrethroid, knockdown, very fast acting/stable
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Fluvalinate
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Pyrethroid, impregnant into plastic and use in hives for varroa mite
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Carbamates
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Nerve poisons, very toxic to fish and Hymenoptera, Sevin dust
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Aldicarb
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very dangerous/systematic, pulled from marked by MANUFACTURER
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Petroleum oils
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Physical asphyxiation, useful for mosquito larvae,
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Resistance factor in European corn border
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DIMBOA
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Tolerance plant resistance
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Compensatary growth, no selection for specific pest so no insect resistance
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Induced plant resistance, plus example
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Plant responds to insect feeding by increasing defence. Willamette mites on grape can increase resistance to another type of mite later.
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Constitutive plant resistance
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Trichomes (spines), glandular tricombs (produce sticky drops), pubescence (hairs), toughness, nutritional effects
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Alfalfa resistance to potato leafhopper
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glandular trichombs
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Tarnished plant bug
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Doesn't like hairy leaves on some potato cultivars
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Squash vine borer
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Tough squash vines help plant resist it
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Pea aphid
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Low nutrient content in pea cultivars helps plant resist pea
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Cucumbers and cucumber beetles
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Cucurbitacins in cucumbers are toxins, but beetle uses them to find cucumbers
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Gottfried Fraenkel
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Found secondary metabolites/compounds
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Alkaloids
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Nicotine, caffeine, toxic to insects
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Chemical resistance in mustard family
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Mustard oils
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Chemical resistance in potato family
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Solanine
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Chemical resistance and botanical insecticides
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Tobacco, chrysanthemum - use chemicals from plants to fight insects
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Environmental influences on constitutive resistance
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Higher solanine levels in potatoes in the shade
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Plant stress vs plant vigor hypothesis
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Some plants are more susceptible to herbivores when stressed, some less, depends on type of herbivore attacking. Water stress favors wood borers
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Insect biotypes and resistant plants
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Some insects develop resistance to plant resistance!
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gene-for-gene hypothesis, name example
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One biotype for each resistant cultivar, Hessian fly
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Species primarily controlled by plant resistance
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spotted alfalfa aphid, grape phylloxera, potato leafhopper
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Problem with 'the gene gun'
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Could insert gene into middle of another gene, so have to screen plants
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First transgenic crops
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Bt cotton, then Bt corn, then Bt potatoes
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Plants that are 99% transgenic in USA
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cotton, corn, soybeans, canola
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Glyphosate
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Round up. Inhibits enzyme involved in synthesis of amino acids
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Pharming
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gene to make potatoes produce antibody against hep C
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