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53 Cards in this Set
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Grape Berry Moth |
o Key eastern pest in vinyards o Variable number of generations sine theyoverwinter in the pupa stage o In 2000 the average number of clusters damagedwas 60.2%o Adults come out in late april to early may |
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Grape flea beetle |
o Can destroy 3-8 clusters of berries in just onemeal – very damaging o Can cause 40% damage on edge rows |
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Japanese beetle (grapes) |
o Used to be a huge issue o Injury usually at the tops of canopies o Cause defoliation creating less shade for thelower leaves |
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European red mite |
o Main mite they are concerned with o Shaggy bark means no oil spray unlike with peachand apple trees can be used to fight these guys |
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Grape root borer |
o Same family as the peach tree borers o Only attacks grapes o Looks like a paper wasp but it is broad wasted o Becoming an increasingly bigger issueo Spreadout throughout the vineyardo As they mature they work their way into thecrown of the planto Live for TWO years o No single control method works perfectlyo Soil mounding along the trunk row makes it sothey cant get out, but timing of that is important and key o Lorsban is the only insecticide approved totreat these guys but it has minimal success. o Main control is through mating disruption o Don’t see results of treatment until after twoyears o If pheromones are used for control they areconsidered a pesticide by the EPA and must be registered |
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Japanese Beetles (caneberry) |
o Causes direct injury o Need to spray with something that has low PHI(less than three days) so harvest isn’t disrupted |
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Stink bugs (caneberries) |
o Brown marmorated is replacing the others o Feed inbetween drooplets and feed on all sidesuntil collapse o May defecate on the berry which affects thetaste |
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Thrips |
o Not sure of the severity or the overallimportance o Unclear of what the exact symptoms are |
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Raspberry Crown Borer |
· Cryptic and underdiagnosed · Infestation in nursery may cause it to bedisseminated · Perform a drench treatment in the spring or fall |
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Rednecked Cane Borer |
· Causes cane galling · Common · Ridding of wild brambles helps control thepopulation |
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raspberry cane borer |
· Longhorn beetle · Causes two rows of punctures · Prune off when wittling appears |
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Spotted wing drosophila |
o Serated ovipositor injures ALL berries o Can cut into healthy fruit o Egg has respiratory filament that gets into winegrapes |
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Gypsy Moth |
o European insect introduced in Massachusetts inthe late 1800s while attempting to start a silk industry in the US o Found in the midatlantic and really spreadingo Overwinters as eggs o Females cant fly so the natural spread isthrough the first instar via wind distributiono Typically 1 generation a year o Asian race has females that can fly but theyaren’t in the US right now o Public often confuses them with eastern tentcaterpillar o A defoliator pest o Fungus that’s gypsy moth specific canproliferate and bring down the gypsy moth population |
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Hemlock wooly agelid |
o Asian pest specific to hemlock on the base ofthe needles o Defoliator o Depletes nutrient reserves and kills the treewithin 4-6 years o Likes the cooler weather and thrives in thewinter o Some black beetles are good natural enemies |
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Engraver beetle |
o Usually a secondary pest o Identified by prongs or horns and a scooped outhind end o Males attack first then attract females formating |
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Scolytus |
o Attack conifers and hardwoods o Fungi help intensify their attacks o One species introduced from Europe another isnative o Attacks mostly elms |
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Dendroctonus |
o Most damaging of the three types of bark beetles o Virginia deals with the southern pine beetle o Mixed forests help decrease beetle and minimizetree crowing if possible, also do prescribed burns o Not many spray options, mostly pyrethroids |
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Eastern tent caterpillar |
o Attacks roseaceae trees especially cherry andapple o 1 generation a year o overwinters as an eggo looks like bag worm nests, but theya rent |
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Fall webworm (american whitemoth) |
o wide host range àgeneralist o native to the US |
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bagworms |
o ornamental pest o bt spray is effective against them |
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emerald ash borer |
o been spreading very rapidly o 100% mortality rate upon infestation o eradification effort turned out unsuccessful |
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asian longhorn beetle |
o Not in Virginia just yet o Gets here through untreated shipping palletes |
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whiteflies |
o most common in the greenhouse o developmental tiems vary as a species o identify species by the pupae stage where theylook the most different o wide host range and may be found outside thegreenhouse o immatures may be found on the undersides ofleaves o two species of parasitic wasps make greatnatural enemieso may develop insecticidal resistance o use sticky cards § 1 per 1,000 square feet§ change weekly |
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two-spotted spidermite |
o HUGE host range (over 180 species) which includebroadleafs and grasses o Lifecycle § Eggàlarvaeànymphàadult § The entire cycle takes 5 days o Females lay and produce about 100 eggs each o Populations explode rapidly o Cause bronzing and bleached out leaves that getchloric overtime o Create a webbing that protects them and harmsthe plant o Monitor by frequent inspection of plants o Use beneficials and know when it’s a predatorymite vs. one of these guys o Rotate chemicals ad theyre the leading familyfor developing resistance o Ensure insecticides are on the underside of theleaf |
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Black vine weevil |
o Univoltine life cycle o Females are parthogenic and cant fly – takestime for the population to build o One generation per year but the females layabout 400 eggs each o Adults cause aesthetic damage with leaf notchingwhich may make them unmarketable due to foliar injury o Nocturnal pest o Larvae are root feeders and may cause stuntedgrowth or death o Larvae are subterranean since they are feedingon roots o Feed for three weeks before egg laying o Treat plants with a foliar insecticide uponadult appearances to get them before they lay the eggs o Larvae are hard to control |
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fungus gnat |
§ Primitive fly § Live in soil and eat fungi § May overflow and feed on roots
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shore flies |
§ Look like maggot larvae § Feed on algae § Around if standing water or leaky water systemsare present § May become a nuisance pest but wont hurt anyone |
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aphids (greenhouse) |
o Can develop all year long o Green peach aphid and cotton/melon aphid are thekey players o Cause curling and stunting of plants especiallynear flowers o Sootymold caused by their honeydew o Treat chemically early on with systemicinsecticides and insecticidal soaps before plant becomes deformed o Lots of biological control options available |
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armyworms (rice) |
o Same issues as with corn o >25% infestation can cause significant damageif occurring 2-3 weeks before harvest o 2 threshold s§ 25% of leaf area § 10% panicle injury |
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aster hopper |
o worst issues in july and august o even worse if there are a lot of weeds around o spiders are important natural enemies o injury includes the yellowing of leaves due tofeeding |
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rice leaf miner |
o issues in the east and west o severity varies by the year o most susceptible when leafs lie flat on thewater – growing the plant erect and not on the water prevents this o cultural control àreduction of water level |
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rice seed midge |
o primitive flies o larvae feed on seeds and seedlings in the water o no chemical controlo if present in high numbers, drain and refloodthe field (very expensive) o cultural control àplant soon after flooding |
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rice water weevil |
o injury primarily on field edges o adults cause longitudinal feeding scares larvaefeed on stalk then move to root o feeding causes growth reducation and failure ofpanicles to set grain o no need to treat entire planting |
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rice stink bug |
o international pest o generations overlap meaning multiple stages oflife are in the planting at once o feeding occurring in the early stages (floweringto milk) will reduce the overall crop yield o feeding occurring during the later season willaffect overall grain quality through the creation of necrotic areas on thegrain itself |
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rice brown planthopper |
o transmits viruses o causes hopperburn and sootymold following thehoneydew o pesticides reduce their natural enemy populationcausing worse outbreaks o wolfspiders are a key natural enemy |
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crucifer flea beetle |
o Most serious pest in Canada o Attacks young plants very early on o Developing host plant resistant varieties hasshown promise |
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bertha armyworm (canola) |
o Cold, snowless winters will reduce theirpopulations o Best strategy to control is through populationreduction o Pupae overwinter several inches into soil,therefore fall harvest and tilling will reduce their numbers |
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sunflower moth |
o Two main species o Feed on flower during bloom stopping thefertilization o Spraying is not encouraged during this time asit may harm bee popiulations o Threshold: 1 bee per 2/3 seedling o Natural enemies and insecticides are available o Cultural control method à delay the planting |
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olive fruit fly |
o Affects the oil pH and will make it becomerancid quicker o Arrived in California 10 years agoo Berry can have two or more larvae in it o Injury level skyrockets with third generationwhen weather is cooler and there is more rain o Olive has adequate yield before the traditionalharvest and will rate as extra virgin – if there is an infestation and you waituntil normal harvest time the injury will cause rating to go down to justvirgin |
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olive moth |
o Three generations a year o Injuries vary by the time of year and the moth’slife cycle o Only an issue if theyre tunneling into the fruit |
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mediterranean black scale |
o Biological control works well o Dead and pasturized in low numbers o May hurt their natural enemies when spraying forfruit flies |
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seedcorn maggot |
o Only an issue when its cold and wet o Delay seed germination o Issue in early season (march – early may) |
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corn earworm (corn) |
o Northern, southern, and western varieties o Virginia mostly sees the western variety o Eat the pollen grains and leaves o Females only lay eggs in corn fields o Corn is its only host o Overwinters as an egg o 1 generation per year o upon hatching, larvae feed on roots o only an issue in continuous cornfields o causes blackened feeding scars o lack of developed root system causes plantlodging o cultural control àcrop rotation o manage with sticky cards o counting the number of egg laying females willhelp gage next years population size o Bt corn is not affected o Seed treatments may help fight against them andcause resistance of some sort o Native to our region o Migrate from the south and may overwinter inVirginia o Developing Bt and insecticide resistance rapidly o Drops an egg into the silk and when it hatchesit crawls into the ear |
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european corn borer |
o Bores into the stalkso Neonates will feed on leaves o Eggs laid on underside of leaves o Overwinter in stalks as matures o Best control strategy is Bt corn o Biological control à trichogramma |
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true armyworm (corn) |
o Feeds on all grains, small grains, and corn o First one in the spring o Native noctuid o Egg masses are laid on grasses o Multiple generations per year o No till residue in the field means there areeggs and worms in the field o Early season problem |
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fall armyworm (corn) |
o Plant corn late and it will get in the whorl o Also gets into the ear o Causes late season damage o Bt corn is not affected by rhese guys o Hard to control with insecticide since its deepwithin the whorl o Inverted Y on the heafd |
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cutworms (corn) |
o Curls up and hides during the day o Mows down little seedlings on the ground o Same management as the armyworms – get rid oftill residue o Economic threshold à when 35% of plants havedefoliation o Use herbicide to destroy covercrop then apyrethroid to kill off worms present |
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alfalfa weevil |
o Invasive from Europe and asia o Lays eggs inside of the stem o Longhorned beetle o Infested crop looks frosty and damage can beobserved from far away o Late season cutting will get rid of them o Early first harvest removes larvae o Economic thresholdà0.7-2.0 larvae per plant o Scouting program is successful o Some parasitoid species work very well on them |
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potato leaf hopper |
o Native with wide host range o 2-3 generations per year o arrives in Virginia in may or june o cuases hopperburn as it interferes withphotosynthesis o scouting involves sweepnetting with a thresholdof 1-2 per sweep o complex spraying threshold § harvested 5 times a year – anytime the cropflowees § if close to harvest – don’t spray just harvest § dependent on crop harvest vs pest pressure |
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blister beetles |
o may build up in some areas of the field o deadly to livestock especially horses o causes blisters when you handle them |
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corn earworm (soybeans) |
o chews holes in the pod o number one soybean pest o sampling starts in mid august o comes from corn growing on fields near soybeans o moths fly from corn to later season soybean pods o there exists a relationship between percentageof corn ears infested and percentage of soybean acreage needing treatment |
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soybean aphid |
o came from asia o has no natural enemies in the us meaning itcould develop huge populations if left uncheckedo only overwinters on buckthorn meaning withoutthat its not really an issue – this is the case in Virginia |
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stunk bugs (soybeans) |
o brown marmorated is a huge issue o lots of stinkbugs feed on soybeans o pierce the husk and kill the seed o may cause stained seeds and pod distortiono causes stay green syndrome o don’t go more than fifty feet into the field becausethey like to stay near trees o causes soybeans to not enter the reproductivestage o treat by spraying the boarders of fields,especially those near trees |
