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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a pest?
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A species that is doing something we don't want it to do
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Paleolithic pests
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Lice, fleas, bed bugs
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Bed bugs
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Earliest known insect associated with humans, closely related species lives in caves and feeds on bats
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Neolithic means
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"better rocks" (better tools)
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Neolithic pests
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Emphasis on meat = scavenging pests, evidence of early pest management: butchered away from where they lived so flies kept away
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Advent of agriculture
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popped up all over the place at around the same time
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Why did agriculture likely spring up around the same time in various places?
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Big areas of land suitable for cereal crops arose after ice age warmed up
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Earliest unintentional plant pest management
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Pick the species and individual plants relatively resistant to pest problems
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Wild vs domestic wheat
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Wild: designed to release seeds, smooth edge where plant released seed. Domestic: plants don't release seeds, rough edge. Common feature used to estimate time of domestication of plant
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Ancestor of cattle
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Auroch
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Pests that accompany dogs
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Fleas, flies, ticks
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Cereal grain emphasis effects
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Dental problems, sedentary habitation = civilisation, specialization, arts, writing, numbers, money, class structure, rulers with vast power, war
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Fertile Crescent
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Tigris-Euphrates river system, along flood planes of river = good soil for agriculture, sophisticated societies
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Some societies were different why?
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Didn't develop agriculture or domesticate animals
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Traits of domesticatable animals
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flexible diet, fast growth rate, breeds in captivity, good temperament, social hierarchy
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Development of monoculture
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Led to some severe pest problems
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Stored product pests
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In nature probably fed on rodent caches of seeds, etc.
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Domestication of cats
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Rodent problem likely led to domestication, African wildcat ancestor
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Urbanization
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Led to places for fleas, flies, termites, roaches
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Egyptian crops
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Barley (beer!) and grapes
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Egyptian domestic animals
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Cattle (meat and milk), fat-tailed sheep, honeybees
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Egyptian pests
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Locusts, stored grain pests
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King Tut's tomb
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Least disturbed tomb, Tut's bread contained cigarette beetles, bread beetles, and spider beetles
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Grit in Egyptian flour?
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Caused severe dental wear, but early pest management because wears down wax layer on cuticle so pest dessecates
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Egypt gardens
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Introduction of exotic plants = pests brought with plants, no native predators of these pests
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Earliest pesticide?
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Greece, burned brimstone (sulfur)
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Cato
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Started to write about pests and what to do with them, poor understanding of insects, recommended wiping blade used to cut grape vines with badger pelt
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Pliny the Elder
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Suggested interplanting turnips and vetches, died trying to view Mt. Vesuvius erupt
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Asia domestication
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*****, half *****, rice, soybeans, citrus
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Earliest known example of biological control
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Asia, yellow citrus ant. Citrus ants make nest, nest harvested and sold to farmers, put in citrus trees. Eat caterpillars but encourage aphids and scales. Connect branches so the ants can walk across
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American domestication
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Maize, dogs (eaten and used as hot water bottles)
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Ancestor of corn
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Teosinte
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Middle Ages pests
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Lice, fleas
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Persian powder
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Ground up chrysanthemum, used to kill lice
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Bubonic Plague
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Up to 3/4 population killed, pathogen Yersinia pestis bacterium. Dance of Death song created
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Divine retribution and Original Sin
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People thought plague was punishment from god, though magic could control pests, court systems allowed suing of pest species
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Middle Ages pesticides
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Extracts of monkshood (fly poison), Oleander extract applied as a spray
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Renaissance
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Interest in science again, interest in gardening and landscaping, scant info on pest control
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Francis Bacon
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Argued use of scientific method to test pest management systems
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Thomas Mouffet
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Theatrum Insectorum: suggested locust control = ringing church bells, hiding
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Francesco Redi
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Disproved spontaneous generation by covering rotting meat to keep flies out, proved flies emerged from maggots
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How did Industrial Revolution change agriculture and pest problems?
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Steam-powered farm machines allowed agriculture in areas not previously very good for farming
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What insecticides were available in the Industrial Revolution?
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Bordeaux mixture, Paris Green, HCN
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Bordeaux mixture
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Industrial revolution insecticide, made grapes taste bad to people so farmer's could keep people from picking grapes but also found to keep insects off
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Paris Green
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Industrial Revolution insecticide, stomach poison
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HCN
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Industrial Revolution insecticide, gas used as fumigant
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Erasmus Darwin
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First to suggest augmentative biological control (propagate natural predators), spray with extracts of plants that insects don't like to attack
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Ronald Ross
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Discovered vector of malaria: Anopheles carried Plasmodium
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Big pests of the Industrial Revolution and main control?
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Bed bugs, fabric feeders. Persian Powder
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John Curtis
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Integrated control, avoid introducing new pests
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Colorado potato beetle
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Came along from S. Am with buffalo burr (same family as potato), carried on cattle from S. Am with beetles in it, beetle adapted to potato
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E. Leopold Trouvelot
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Intentionally introduced gypsy moth to try to establish N. Am silk industry, but they have bad silk.
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Gypsy moth
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Eat most non conifer trees, completely defoliate trees, spread rapidly but slowed down now due to management
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Burlapping
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Putting burlap around trees, gypsy moth caterpillars hide in burlap then can be collected and killed
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Methods used to try to eliminate gypsy moths
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Creosote to kill eggs, burlapping, scraping egg masses,
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Crater on Mars named after who?
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Trouvelot
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C.V. Riley
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Controlled CPB with integrated strategy, helped French beat Grape Phylloxera by grafting resistant N. Am grape roots to French grape vines
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Phylloxera in California
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Phylloxera got to CA, grapes were from Spain so not resistant, used grafting from resistant grapes
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Cottony cushion scale
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Intro'ed from Asia/Australia, huge citrus pest in Cali, insecticide runs off waxy covering
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Albert Koebele
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Riley's assistant, went to Australia to get parasites that prey on cottony cushion scale: a ladybug and a fly
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Control of cottony cushion scale
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Imported beetle and fly predators have complete control as long as broad spectrum insecticide not used (kills the predators)
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20th century insecticides
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Nicotine, lead arsenate, lime sulfur, winter wash
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Winter wash
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coal tar + soap. Applied in winter to kill eggs of aphids, extremely toxic so selected for resistance, mites became resistant but natural enemies did not so mite outbreak became secondary pests
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Insecticide backlash in 20th century
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People started to worry about pesticides and the unknown long term effects, London family killed by eating apples covered in arsenic residue
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Dutch elm disease
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Fungus, bark beetle introduces fungus to previously healthy trees, beetles intro'd in wood sent over to make furniture from European elm, named for first people to study it (who lived in Holland)
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Elms in the US
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Elms were THE urban tree, Dutch elm disease killed almost all the trees because most trees were elms, Quad used to have elms
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Control of Dutch elm disease
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DDT, eventually just cut down elms
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Consequences of using DDT
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DDT killed enemies of aphids/scales so honeydew from the outbreaks was at high levels, bird deaths
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WWII years
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More people fallen to insect borne disease than killed by other people, huge emphasis on finding insect repellents
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Insect repellents available during WWII
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benzyl benzoat, dimethyl phthalate
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Paul Muller
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Discovered DDT's pesticide properties
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Gerhard Schrader
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Developed organophosphate pesticides, but they were turned into nerve agent. Tabun, Sarin
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Post WWII
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DDT used by civilians, new organochlorines, new organophosphates that could spread to any part of plant
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Pesticide use in post WWII
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Liberal use of pesticides in home, DDT so effective people just expected complete control, used as preventative, led to resistance of DDT
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DDT resistance consequences
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Re-rise of body louse, bed bug, salt marsh mosquito, german cockroach, resurgence of cottony cushion scale
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Robert Metcalf
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Developed new insecticides: Carbamatees
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New concerns about pesticides post WWII
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Environmental magnification of pesticides, residue in foods
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Loibls
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Ate DDT daily for 3 months, said they felt better than they used to,
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Richard Nixon
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EPA, protect environment from polltion and pesticides
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1970s
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EPA bans broad spectrum insecticides with long residual activity but DDT continued to be used for malaria control in other countries, "Green Revolution"
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IPM in 1970s +
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Strip harvest alfalfa, biocontrol, used Systox because parasitoids of aphids resistant to it, resort to insecticides only when economic injury level high enough, shift from controlling pests to managing pests
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