Test 1

Front 1

Voiceless Bilabial Stop

Back 1

P

Front 2

Voiced Bilabial Stop

Back 2

P

Front 3

Voiceless Velar Stop

Back 3

K

Front 4

Voiced Velar Stop

Back 4

g

Front 5

Bilabial Nasal

Back 5

M

Front 6

Alveolar Nasal

Back 6

N

Front 7

Alveolar Flap

Back 7

upside down J

Front 8

Voiceless labiodental fricative

Back 8

F

Front 9

Voiced Labiodental fricative

Back 9

V

Front 10

Voiceless interdental fricative

Back 10

Theta (th)

Front 11

Voiced interdental fricative

Back 11

d with cross

Front 12

Voiceless alveolar fricative

Back 12

S

Front 13

Voiced alveolar fricative

Back 13

Z

Front 14

Voiceless aleveo-palatal fricative

Back 14

s^ (sh)

Front 15

Voiced alveo-palatal fricative

Back 15

z^ (je)

Front 16

Voiceless alveo-palatal affricate

Back 16

c^ (ch)

Front 17

Voiced alevo-palatal affricate

Back 17

j^ (ju)

Front 18

Approximate alveolar retro-flex

Back 18

R

Front 19

Approximate alveolar lateral

Back 19

L

Front 20

Approximate palatal glide

Back 20

J

Front 21

Approximate velar glide

Back 21

w

Front 22

Nasal Velar

Back 22

Nj (ng)

Front 23

Voiced bilabial fricative

Back 23

Bj (grimm's law labial)

Front 24

Voiceless glotal fricative

Back 24

H

Front 25

Voiceless velar fricative

Back 25

X (xs)

Front 26

High front tense

Back 26

i (seat)

Front 27

High front lax

Back 27

I (sit)

Front 28

Mid front tense

Back 28

e (mate)

Front 29

Mid front lax

Back 29

Epsilon (met)

Front 30

Low front

Back 30

ae (mat)

Front 31

Mid Central lax

Back 31

upside down e (shcwa) sun soda

Front 32

Low central

Back 32

a

Front 33

High back tense

Back 33

u (pool)

Front 34

High back lax

Back 34

Big U (put)

Front 35

Mid back tense

Back 35

o (moat)

Front 36

Mid back lax

Back 36

backwards c (port)

Front 37

Low back

Back 37

a (father)

Front 38

Front dipthongs

Back 38

eI (late) and Iu (cute)

Front 39

Central Dipthongs

Back 39

aI (file) and au (fowl)

Front 40

Back Dipthongs

Back 40

OU (loan) and ci (foil)

Front 41

Synthetic Language

Back 41

Inflections are the primary indicators of grammatical relationships (Old English)

Front 42

Analytic Language

Back 42

Word order and function words are the primary indicators of grammatical relationships (Modern English)

Front 43

Phonology

Back 43

The study of sound in a language

Front 44

Morphology

Back 44

The study of how a language is formed and the formation of words

Front 45

Syntax

Back 45

The arrangement of words in a sentence

Front 46

Morpheme (Bound and free)

Back 46

One unit of sound in a language (bound is usually an affix and free is an individual word)

Front 47

Derivation

Back 47

Creation of new words by adding affixes to roots

Front 48

Inflection

Back 48

Affix expressing grammatical categories of the word

Front 49

Compounding

Back 49

The combination of two or more roots to create a new word

Front 50

Periphrastic construction

Back 50

Use of function words instead of inflection endings to express grammatical meaning

Front 51

Prescriptive/ descriptive grammar

Back 51

Dictates/ forbids speaking as a way of policing what is right and wrong

Front 52

Phoneme

Back 52

Distinctive sound of a language

Front 53

Phonetic environment

Back 53

Conditions which dictate a change in language

Front 54

Voicing (Voiced vs. voiceless)

Back 54

Voiced--> produced when there is vibration in the vocal chords

Voiceless--> produced when there is no vibration in the vocal chords

Front 55

Consonant

Back 55

Produced with a certain restriction of airflow, usually between vowels

Front 56

Orality

Back 56

Sound articulated with the nasal tract closed and the oral tract open

Front 57

Nasality

Back 57

Sound articulated with the nasal tract open and the oral tract closed

Front 58

Bilabial

Back 58

Sound produced with the upper and lower lip coming together

Front 59

Labiodental

Back 59

Sound produced with the lower lip to the upper teeth

Front 60

Interdental

Back 60

Sound produced with the tongue between the upper and lower teeth

Front 61

Alveolar

Back 61

Tip of the tongue to the alveolar ridge

Front 62

Alveo-palatal

Back 62

Sound produced by the tip of the tongue just behind the alveolar ridge

Front 63

Palatal

Back 63

Sound produced by bringing the tongue to the hard palate at the roof of the mouth

Front 64

Velar

Back 64

Sound produced by bringing the tongue to the soft palate

Front 65

Glottal

Back 65

Sound created in the back of the throat

Front 66

Stop

Back 66

Consonant sound sound blocking the air flow in the oral and nasal tract

Front 67

Nasal

Back 67

Consonant sound produced by closing the oral tract but opening the nasal tract

Front 68

Fricative

Back 68

Sound produced by creating friction between the articulators

Front 69

Affricate

Back 69

Complete block of air flow followed by a fricative sound

Front 70

Approximate

Back 70

Bringing the articulators close but not constricting air flow

Front 71

Liquids

Back 71

Sub class of approximates (L and r)

Front 72

Glides

Back 72

Sub class of approximates, J and W, tongue moves from one place in the mouth to another

Front 73

Dipthongs

Back 73

Tongue moves from either a higher point in the mouth to a lower part (or vice versa) to create a vowel sound

Front 74

Stress accent

Back 74

Particular volume given to a specific part of a syllable in a word

Front 75

Intonation

Back 75

Speech stresses when producing certain sounds in speech patterns, usually distinguishes sentence types

Front 76

Phonographic

Back 76

Characteristic of the type of the sound of a language, could be in a particular environment

Front 77

Syllabic alphabet

Back 77

Alphabet consisting of only one syllable per letter

Front 78

Sound changes (conditioned and unconditioned)

Back 78

The phonetic environment either affects the sound changes of a language (conditioned) or it doesn't (unconditioned)

Front 79

Assimilation

Back 79

Sound becomes similar or identical to a particular word

Front 80

Dissimilation

Back 80

Sound becomes different to a particular word

Front 81

Metathesis

Back 81

Reversal or reordering of two sounds

Front 82

Dipthongization/ Monophthongization

Back 82

Creation of diphtong from a monopthong or vice versa

Front 83

Lengethning/ shortening

Back 83

Quantitative change

Front 84

Labilization

Back 84

Rounding of the lips to change the sound (qualitative)

Front 85

velarization

Back 85

Sound produced in the back region of the mouth

Front 86

Palatalization

Back 86

Articulation more in the palatal region of the mouth

Front 87

Fricativation

Back 87

Stop consonant is changed to a fricative

Front 88

Rhotacism

Back 88

Consonant is changed usually from an s into an r

Front 89

Lenition

Back 89

Weakening of a consonant sound b/s vowels

Front 90

Vocalization

Back 90

Consonant becomes a vowel or semi-vowel (glide)

Front 91

Devoicing

Back 91

Loss of vibration in the vocal chords

Front 92

Proto Indo European

Back 92

Mother language of all Indo- European languages

Front 93

Proto Language

Back 93

Any language that is the father of another group of languages, usually unchanged

Front 94

Proto-Germanic

Back 94

Divided into East, West (High and Low) and South

Front 95

Grimm's law

Back 95

UNCONDITIONED Sound change in which all consonants shifted for a period of time then STOPPED affected all consonant in PIE

b- p- f

d- t- theta

g-k- h (x when not initial)

Front 96

Verner's Law

Back 96

The set of exceptions to Grimm's law involving position of accent in PIE

Front 97

Drag chain/ Push chain

Back 97

Sound change leaves gap which allows for another sound change to fill in the gap