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323 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Normal temperature |
99.5-101.5*F |
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Mild fever temperature |
100.5-102.5*F |
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Moderate Fever temperature |
102.5-104*F |
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High Fever temperature |
104-106.5*F |
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Very high fever temperature |
106.5*F+ This is detrimental |
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Common drug used to reduce fever |
Banamine (anti-inflammatory) |
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Common amount of banamine used to reduce fevers |
10cc's |
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Alternative methods to reduce fevers |
Use rubbing alcohol in water bath Or cold water bath |
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A healthy horses temperature can vary by how many degrees? |
3 degrees, depending on the environment |
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A higher rectal temperature can be for reasons such as? |
Hot weather Exercise Stress |
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How far should a thermometer be inserted into the rectum? |
1"-1.5" |
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Normal adult resting pulse rate |
30-40 bpm |
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A pulse rate of 50 bpm in an adult could mean what? |
Age dependent If the horse is an athlete Physical distress |
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What is the average pulse for a foal up to two weeks old? |
100 beats per minute |
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Foals up to 4 weeks old will have an average pulse rate of? |
70 bpm |
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Colts and fillies 6-12 months of age have an average pulse rate of what? |
45-60bpm |
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2 year olds average pulse rate |
40-50bpm |
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Athletes can have an average pulse rate of up to |
200bpm |
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Places where to find a pulse on a normal adult horse |
Jaw Armpit Digital(behind fetlock) |
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Laminitic episode |
Hard digital pulse |
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How long do you time a pulse for and how would you calculate it? |
15 seconds multiplied by 4 |
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What is the area where the heart is called? |
Cardiac notch |
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Average respiration rate of an adult horse at rest is _____________ breaths per minute |
8-15 |
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An increase in respiration rate could be caused by |
Hot, humid weather Exercise Fever Pain |
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The more fit a horse is the ________ the respiration rate is |
Lower |
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How do you find out what the respiration rate of a horse is? |
Watch flank for a full minute |
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T or F Respiration rate should never exceed the pulse rate |
True |
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Normal Capillary Refill Time is? |
1-2 seconds |
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If the Capillary Refill Time (CRT) is ______ seconds, the horse may be in shock or high distress |
2+ |
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T or F Gut sounds should always be present |
True |
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No gut sounds means that |
The GI tract is shutting down |
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The cecum is located in which quad of the horses body? |
Upper/Right |
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An excess of gut sounds can signify |
Hyperactive GIT which could mean colic |
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A healthy horse will drink a minimum of _____ gallons of water per day |
5 |
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A healthy horse in summer will drink up to ______ gallons of water a day |
20 |
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The color of mucous membranes is an indicator of what? |
Blood Circulation |
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Mucous membranes are found where? |
Lining of the eyelids Gums Inside nostrils |
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What color is said to be optimal for mucous membranes |
baby girl pink-> Can be lighter or darker |
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If the color, particularly of the gums, is very pale, bright red, grayish blue, or bright yellow, what should you do? |
Call the vet immediately |
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Very pale pink mucous membrane color indicates |
Blood flow problems |
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Bright red mucous membrane color indicates |
Capillaries enlarged, toxicity or mild shock (from poisonous plants) |
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Grayish blue mucous membrane color indicates |
Very high level of shock(from poisons) |
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Bright yellow mucous membrane color indicates |
liver problems (jaundice) |
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Name 4 reasons a loose bandage is so dangerous |
pressure->'bandage bow' disruption of blood flow Trip on it and fall cause raw spots |
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What are 3 types of padding material used when wrapping legs |
Sheet Cotton Quilt Nobo |
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What might lead to a hoof needing to be wrapped? |
Absess Cleanliness/Other injury |
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What could happen if a coronet band becomes damaged? |
Permanent scarring, causing abnormal and slow hoof growth |
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What is the device called that is used to keep the horses mouth open during a dental? |
Equine full mouth dental speculum |
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Why is it important to have dentals performed regularly? |
Comfort Longevity Usefullness/working properly Slow tooth eruption |
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T or F A horses teeth grow until the horse perishes |
False, they constantly ERUPT |
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How often should a horse have a dental |
Yearly, unless trying to correct a problem then every 6 months |
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What are the 3 things to consider when aging a horse by its teeth |
If it has baby teeth Shape if 3rd upper incisors Shape of Mandibular |
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What is the PSI of a full force kick? |
2000 |
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How do you tell if a horse is cold? |
Feel their ears. |
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The official highest jump recorded is |
8'1.2" |
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If a horse has a hematoma, when you push your thumb into it it will, _____________________ |
Come right back out |
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If a horse has an edema, when you push your thumb into it it will, _________________ |
Stay imprinted |
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If a horse has inflammation, when you stick your thumb into it, it will _______________ |
Do nothing, it will stay solid. |
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Prowd Flesh |
Over stimulated skin cells- must be removed |
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Debriding |
Removing prowd flesh |
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T or F Always suture head wounds |
True |
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It is common to use staples in which type of injuries? |
Head wounds |
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Horses have how many muscles in each ear? |
16 |
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The smallest pony was how tall? |
35 CM |
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When born, the legs of foals account for what percentage of their body length? |
90% |
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How do horses sleep standing up? |
Because they have a 'stay apparatus' which is using suspensory ligaments |
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What is the BLM |
The system of branding used for mustangs. Features numbers 0-9 using series of 2 lines |
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How many cervical vertibrae are there? |
7 |
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What is the C1 vertibrae also referred to as? |
Atlas |
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What is the C2 Vertibrae referred to as? |
Axis |
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The cervical vertibrae are used as a _______________ |
Fulcrum/lever |
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The neck allows the horse to shift its _________________ |
Center of gravity |
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How many Thoracic vertebrae are there? |
18 |
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________________ Composes the withers |
Spinous processes |
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How many lumbar vertebrae are there? |
6 |
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Fusion may occur in which part of the horses spine? |
In the lumbar vertebrae |
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How many sacral vertebrae are there? |
5 |
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How many coccygeal vertebrae are there? |
15-21 |
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Cervical vertebrae are located in the _______ |
Neck |
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Thoracic vertebrae are located where the ____________ |
Sattle sits |
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The lumbar vertebrae are located at the ______ |
Loin |
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The Sacral vertibrae form the __________________________ |
upper portion of hindquarters |
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The coccygeal vertebrae are in the ______ |
Tail |
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Sacral Vertebrae form the _______ area |
Croup |
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A short croup means |
less power and leverage |
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a level croup means |
enhanced speed (trot) |
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What is the ideal croup |
slight incline and relatively long in proportion to the body |
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How many pairs of ribs are there? |
18 |
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There are ___ 'True' pair of ribs |
8
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There are ___ 'false' pair of ribs |
10 |
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The 'true' pairs of ribs are connected to the ________ |
sternum |
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The 'false' or 'floating' pairs of ribs are connected via ___________ |
Cartilage |
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The scapula in a horse is attached by _________ and ______________ and _____________ |
Muscles/tendonds/ligaments |
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The humerous begins at ______________ |
Point of shoulder |
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The humerous ends at ______________ |
Point of elbow |
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When the elbow is ________, it has more freedom to move away from the body |
Longer |
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A closed scapula means |
'humeral angle ' Prevents the limb from folding tightly |
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The carpus, or knee is comparible to the human ___________ |
Wrist |
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The Carpus in a horse can sometimes be missing the __ and __ carpal bones |
1st, 5th |
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What does the phrase 'open in the knee' mean? |
The horse is young The knee has growth plates Will ossify within 2 years |
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What is the common name for the Metacarpus |
Cannon Bone |
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The slope of the pastern is important in the ___________ of the lower leg, and longevity of joints |
Stability |
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What is the common name for the Coxofemoral joint? |
Hip joint |
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Splint bones are thought to be |
Remnants of toes Are commonly broken |
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The 'long pastern' is also known as the |
Proximal Phalanx |
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The 'short pastern' is also known as the |
Intermediate phalanx (P2) |
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The 'coffin bone' is also known as the |
Distal phalanx(P3) |
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Help form a pulley mechanism behind the fetlock |
Proximal sesamoid bones |
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Forms a pulley on the tendons of the lower leg |
Distal sesamoid or 'navicular bone' |
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What is a catastrophic breakdown? |
When proximal sesamoid completely shatters |
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Fibrous connective tissue responsible for connecting muscle to bone |
Tendons |
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Fibrous connective tissue responsible for connecting bone to bone |
Ligaments |
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What is the Masseter |
The 'chewing' muscle Large and well developed in the horse |
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What is the Splenius and Rhomboid |
Muscles running from top of neck to the shoulder blade Important for head carrying |
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What is the Trapezius |
Muscle that runs from top of the neck to behind the withers Carries the saddle |
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Longissimus dorsi |
Deep muscle of the back Typically undeveloped even in athletes |
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Latissimus dorsi |
Superficial muscle of the back, running down the barrel Carries the saddle |
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Where are the quadriceps found? |
They rest on the front of the femur and thigh |
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What is the quadriceps purpose |
To flex hind leg and bring it forward |
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What is the purpose of the Gluteal group |
Extend the femur |
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Where are the hamstrings found |
Resting on back of hindquarters |
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What is the purpose of hamstrings |
Extend the lower leg To work with gluteal group to give pushing power to hindquarters |
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What two muscle groups make up the hip extensors? |
Gleuteals, Hamstrings |
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What are the two muscles that make up the neck flexors? |
Brachioocephalic Sternocephalic |
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Where are the Brachial triceps located |
Bottom of shoulder blade to elbow |
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What is the purpose of the Brachial triceps |
Straighten elbow and foreleg |
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What is the Carpal and Digital extensor |
Muscles of the forelimb responsible for EXTENDING the lower limb |
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What is the carpal and digital flexor |
Muscles in the forelimb responsible for FLEXING the lower limb |
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What is the purpose of the Common Digital Extensor Tendon? |
Extending lower leg |
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These three structures form the main portion of the suspensory apparatus |
Suspensory Ligament Deep Digital Flexor Tendon Superficial Flexor Tendon |
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_______________ supports the fetlock joint and bears most of the weight of the horse at jog/trot and lope/canter |
Suspensory Apparatus |
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Equine Influenza |
Acute Highly Contagious Inflammation of upper respiratory tract Caused by Type A influenza virus |
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What are the symptoms of influenza? |
3-4 day incubation period Dry cough lasting up to 3 weeks Moderate to high fever lasting 1-4 days Clear nasal discharge for 5-10 days |
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What is the treatment for influenza? |
Isolation Reduce exposure to dust Rest for minimum of 6 weeks
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What ways can influenza be prevented? |
Annual vaccination *More often if horse is stressed (>every 3 months) |
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Pneumonia |
Inflammation of the lungs Filling of the alveoli with exudate |
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What are the symptoms of Pneumonia? |
Elevated temperature (102-107) Difficulty breathing Shallow and rapid Moist rales at the onset Dry rales in advanced stages Nasal Discharge Breath odor Depression
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What are some treatments for Pneumonia? |
Keep in warm-dry-well-ventilated stall Antibiotic therapy Anti-inflammatory drugs Expectorants may also be given Allow atleast 3 weeks for recovery |
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Strangles |
Distemper Contagious disease affecting most young horses Is caused by Steptococcus zooepidemicus Incubation period of 3-8 days |
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Strangles can be transmitted through |
Nasal discharge Contaminated feed pastures waterers |
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What are the symptoms of Strangles? |
Reluctance to eat or drink Swelling of the lymph glands High fever (103-106) Copious thick mucus Stiff extension of the neck Yellow nasal discharge (pus) Painful, moist cough |
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Symptoms of Strangles usually subside after how many days? |
10 |
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T or F You want the lymph nodes to rupture externally |
True Easier to treat, keep clean, and anaerobic bacteria die when exposed to air, keeping bacteria out of body. |
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Bastard strangles |
Swollen lymph gland spreads from throat to other parts of body. Can shut off the windpipe |
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What is the treatment for Strangles? |
Isolate Encourage absess to break and drain Antibiotic therapy (pennicillin/streptomycin)
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What are the ways to prevent Strangles? |
Vaccination (injection,naso-spray) Permanent immunity response from sickness |
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What is the efficacy rate of the injection for prevention of Strangles? |
50% |
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What is the percentage of likelihood that a horse will develop an injection site reaction? |
85% |
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Rhinopneumonitis |
AKA Rhino Herpes viral infection Equine herpesvirus 1&4 Acute upper respiratory infection |
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What is the #1 cause of late term abortions? |
Rhino |
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What are the symptoms of Rhino? |
High temp (102-107) Lasting 2-7 days Nasal discharge: starts out thin and clear, progressively gets thick and milky in color. |
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What is an abortion storm? |
Where horses will abort their late term fetuses, one after another after another because of the spread of Rhino. |
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What are the symptoms of Rhino? |
Congestion heard in the breathing Swelling of the eyelids Coughing Loss of appetite |
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What is the treatment for Rhino? |
Rest Antibiotics can be given to prevent a secondary infection |
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What are the ways to prevent Rhino? |
Yearly vaccination (modified live)
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Mares should be vaccinated for Rhino using a ___________ virus in the _____th, ____th, and ____th months of gestation. |
Killed 5th 7th 9th |
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Encephalomyelitis |
'Sleeping Sickness' Caused by a virus Principle carriers are birds Transmitted via mosquitoes or biting flies |
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What are the three types of Encephalomyelitis? |
Eastern Western Venezuelan |
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What are the symptoms of Encephalomyelitis? |
High temp Initial signs are hyper exciteability Progresses rapidly to delirium, stupor and severe depression Blindness Muscle Tremors Paralysis Excessive periods of sleep Drooped lips Inability to swallow |
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What is the treatment for Encephalomyelitis? |
Anti Inflammatory treatment DMSO(drug carrier) Excellent nursing care Prognosis is POOR Death may occur after 5-14 days of rapid deterioration |
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What are the prevention methods for Encephalomyelitis? |
Yearly vaccinations(prior to mosquito season) Vector control |
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What are four forms of Alternative Medicine? |
Acupuncture Herbs Tui-Na Food Therapy |
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Features of Yin |
Cool Calm Associated with female |
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Features of Yang |
Fire Strength Power Associated with Male |
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What are the five elements for alternative medicine? |
Wood Fire Earth Metal Water |
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What is the element wood associated with? |
The Ligaments |
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What is the element fire associated with? |
The Heart, Shin |
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What is the element earth associated with? |
Digestion |
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What is the element metal associated with? |
The lungs |
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What is the element water associated with? |
The Bladder |
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What is the goal of chiropractics? |
Initiate homeostatic mechanisms of regional vertibral kinesthetics |
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Chiropractics |
Adjustments Muscle relaxation Focusing on '2 joint' or 'facet' which are inbetween every vertibral body |
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The left side of the body is considered |
Yang |
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The right side of the body is considered |
Yin |
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The left part of blood is considered |
Yin |
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The right part of blood is considered |
Yang |
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Barrel racing |
began in 1930's Is also the largest womens sport Is the oldest in the country Used to be focused around clothing |
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Baby teeth tend to erupt in pairs at which intervals? |
6 days 6 weeks 6 months |
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As a horse ages, the teeth become less _______ and more __________ |
Square/Triangular |
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Polo Wraps |
Supports the flexor tendons during workouts Single roll |
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Standing Wraps |
Provides warmth & support to tendons and ligaments, cushions legs against bumps, & helps prevent stalking up (Fluid accumulation due to inactivity, usually following standing after a workout) Wrap consists of Pillow wrap and bandage often accompanied with a poultice or linament application. |
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Sweat Wraps |
Helps reduce swelling in legs from injury, stress from being worked, or poor circulation. Nitrofurazone ointment (often with DMSO), surpass, or other ointments recommended by your veterinarian, are applied to clean, dry legs. Plastic wrap, cotton roll, and vet wrap are applied on top of the ointment. |
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How do you apply a wrap? |
Inside to Outside |
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What age do the 'cups' in the teeth fully disappear? |
11 years |
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The dental star is also known as |
The pulp mark |
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As a horse ages, the teeth go from _____ to ______ to _______. |
Round, Oval, Triangular |
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Bishoping |
Tampering with the cups to make the horse look younger than it is. |
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Interdental space |
Where the bit goes Inbetween the incisors and the pre-molars |
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Horses have how many teeth? |
36, but can have up to 44 |
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How can galvayne's groove be used to age horses? |
It first appears at age 10 Reaches halfway down tooth at age 15 Completely down tooth by 20 Halfway gone by 25 All the way gone by 30 |
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The 1st incisor is erupted in adults by what age? |
2.5 years In wear by 3 |
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The 2nd Incisor is erupted in adults by what age? |
3.5 years In wear by 4 |
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The 3rd incisor is erupted in adults by what age? |
4.5 years In wear by 5 |
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The canines in an adult horse erupt at what age? |
5-6 years |
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Maxilla |
top part of jaw, connected to rest of head |
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Mandible |
bottom part of jaw, free moving |
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Calcaneus |
'heel bone' off of tarsus |
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The highest point of the rump is called |
The Croup |
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At what age do the deciduous(baby) pre molars erupt? |
2 weeks |
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At what age do the permanent pre molars erupt |
2.5 3 4 |
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At what age do the permanent molars erupt? |
1 year 2 3.5 |
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How many mm do the teeth erupt at per year? |
2-3 mm/year with dentals 5-7 mm/year without |
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A horses teeth grow until what age? |
~7 years |
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What are the three reasons for dentals? |
Comfort Occusal equillibrium for equal forces of masitcation Longevity |
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What three things do you look for when aging a horse? |
Deciduous (baby) teeth 3rd upper incisor shape Mandibular shape |
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If the tooth is shaped rectangular the long way what age rang is the horse? |
5-10 |
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What is another name for the cups in teeth? |
Infindibulum |
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The tooth has a small dark star spot and a large cup |
~6 years |
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The tooth has a lighter star spot and a smaller cup |
~7 years |
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There is no star and has a light cup |
~8 years |
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If the tooth is shaped rectangularly width wise |
>10 years |
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how many gallons of saliva are secreted for every 5 gallons of dry feed consumed? |
1 gallon |
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Around how many gallons of saliva is secreted in one day? |
3 gallons |
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The stomach is only what percentage of the total digestive tract volume? |
eight |
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Approximately what size is the stomach? |
2-4 gallons |
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They can graze for up to how long every day |
10-16 hours |
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Horses do not have what organ? |
gall bladder Bile is secreted as food moves through gut |
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The small intestine is approximately what percentage of total digestive tract volume? |
30% (10-12 gallons) |
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How long is the small intestine in an adult? |
70 feet 3-4 inches |
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Food moves about ____ foot per minute |
one |
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The large intestine consists of |
cecum, large colon, small colon, rectum |
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What percentage does the large intestine make up in the digestive tract |
65% |
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Around how long does it take for food and liquid to pass through the large intestine? |
50-60 hours |
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The cecum is how long |
4 feet |
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The cecum holds approximately how many gallons of feed/liquid |
7-9 gallons |
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How long is the large colon? |
10-12 feet |
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How much can the large colon hold? |
14-16 gallons |
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How long does food dwell in the large colon? |
36-48 hours (The longest) |
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How long is the small colon? diameter? |
10-12 feet ~4 inches |
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What is the small colons main function? |
reclamation of excess moisture |
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It takes ____ - _____ hours from ingestion to excretion |
36-72 |
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What is the periople? |
tissue paper like outside layer that maintains moisture in frost on the hoof |
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What is seaty toe |
bacteria causes hoof wall to separate from rest of foot |
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Thrush |
acidic smelling black/sticky in foot |
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The hoof wall is mainly composed of what |
epithelia cells that have been keratinized |
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Corium |
source of growth |
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The intermeshing of the sensitive and insensitive laminae hold the hoof wall to the? |
coffin bone |
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What happens to the sensitive laminae when the horse has a carb overload? |
They will inflame causing the coffin bone to tip |
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The sole is responsible for _______ of the sole |
growth |
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Through evolution and adaptation the sole is ________________ and self limits its growth |
concave |
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The frog is particularly responsible for the ___________________ through the hoof |
blood flow |
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The frog acts as a ___________ for the internal hoof structures |
cushion/protection |
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Bruises can turn into |
Absesses |
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In dry conditions the frog will |
bring itself up into the hoof to protect itself |
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What are the 7 coriums |
Periople Coronary Wall Heel Frog Sole White line |
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Coriums furnish the hoof with |
Nutrients |
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Fibro-elastic fatty cushion that forms the heel bulbs |
digital cushion |
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How fast does a hoof wall grow per month |
~1/4-1/2 inch |
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How often are you supposed to trim, shoe or reset? |
6-8 weeks |
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Laminitis |
disease which results in the inflammation of the laminae AKA 'founder' |
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T or F Laminitis always results in foundering |
False |
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Possible causes of laminitis |
endotoxemia severe dehydration and shock pituitary gland dysfunction weight overload traveling on hard surfaces high insulin levels as seen in EMS Excessive grass intake Stress from prolonged travel Sequel to overdoses Sequel to infections |
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What is foundering |
Tilting of the cannon bone |
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What are the two types of laminitis |
Acute ( active stage, first 72 hours) Chronic ( persistent changes to hoof wall, blood flow reduced) |
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complex/combination of inflammatory and/or degenerative conditions of the navicular bone and its supporting structures (tendons) |
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What is the Bursa |
protects the navicular bone from the DFT from rubbing as the tendon glides over bone |
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What are the two major forces that the navicular bone must withstand? |
compression tension |
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Symptoms of possible navicular |
mild lameness (more apparent after working) forelimbs are most affected Bilateral-usually worse in 1 foot walking on their toes ('eggshells') Sometimes confused with shoulder pain |
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What is the surface area of inside of each foot? |
12'x12' |
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The __________ acts as the heart of the leg |
Digital cushion-as the horse steps down blood is forced back up leg |
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Breed of horse that often break down quickly because they are a very smooth rider |
passos |
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Which ligaments allow the foot to move side to side? |
Collateral ligaments |
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What is the oldest known horse |
42 years |
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Equine metabolic syndrome (EMS) |
insuline resistance, obesity, laminitis, fat deposits |
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Areas where fat deposits can be found in EMS horses |
neck, shelves, tail head, sheath/udders, over ribs, behind shoulder |
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Which season is the worst for hay to feed to EMS horses? |
Spring |
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What grass will produce hay that has more sugar? |
Young |
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What time of day will grass have more sugar? |
Day (photosynthesis) |
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Will a well managed or overgrown field have more sugar? |
Overgrown |
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When testing hay, what should you evaluate in the analysis? |
nonstructural carbohydrates (water soluble carbs, ethanol soluble carbs, starch) |
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Water soluble carbs |
contain fructans, have low glycemic response (good for insulin resistance), bad for laminitis (kills microbes) |
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Ethanol soluble carbs |
High glycemic response (bad for insulin resistance) |
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What percentage do the WSC+starch and ESC+starch concentrations need to be UNDER |
10% |
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In accordance to eachother, which types of hay have more sugar? |
(least)grass |
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What percentage of horses body weight should be from long stemmed hay? |
1% |
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What are some short term alternatives to feeding hay for EMS horses |
beet pulp triple crown safe starch forage ($$$$) Timothy hay pellets |
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Hyperinsulinemia can contribute to the development of? |
Osteochondritisdessecans |
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What is Osteochondritisdessecans |
Overgrowth of cartilage that can ossify |
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Rhabdomyolysis |
'Tying up'- muscle cramping and pain |
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Reoccurent Exertional rhabdomyolysis |
Chronic version of rhabdomyolysis, calcium regulation in the muscle, often seen in racing thoroughbreds |
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Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy |
Excess muscle glycogen storage, also 'tie up' Type 1 is caused by genetic mutation Type 2 cause is unknown |
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Equine cushings disease |
Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction (PPID)-disfunction of pituitary gland Commonly associated with tumors, produces excess cortisol |
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What are the clinical signs of cushings disease? |
heavy coat, excessive thirst/sweating/urination, lethargy, loss of appetite, insulin resistance. |
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What percentage of a horses body weight is water? |
65-75% |
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Epimeletic behavior |
Allows foal to imprint on mother Protection against predators Also includes other companionship type behaviors |
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Et-Epimeletic behavior |
Mare and foal separation Buddy separation vocalization until back together |
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Allelomimetic behavior |
Contagious behavior, has strong components of social facilitation, imitation, and group coordination. |
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Neigh, or Whinny |
Loudest, longest sound Often cry of distress |
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Nicker |
Softer neigh, often a greeting |
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Snorting |
blowing air out of nostrils Warning Alarm |
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Squeals |
High pitched Heard during fighting or play |
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Champing, or Snapping |
Opening and closing mouth while showing teeth Indicates submission Often occurs when being introduced to other horses |
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Eohippus |
"Dawn Horse" Existed 58-38 MYA Weighed about 12 pounds 12-14 inches at shoulder 4 toes on front, 3 on back
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The ___________ is thought to be the remnant of the central pad |
Chesnut |
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The _______ is thought to be the remnant of the pads from the 3 toes |
Ergot |
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Parahippus |
'Link' between swamp and forest dwelling 24-17 MYA ~10 hands tall This is when it was thought that the horse developed the ability to run faster |
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Merychippus |
20-11 MYA Retained 3 toes but still looks like modern horse Central toe is more weight bearing as side toes are becoming less weight bearing First horse to be known to have grazed 30-40 inches tall (shetland pony size) Longer muzzle, wider set eyes |
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Pliohippus |
"Grandfather" to modern horse Existed 12-6 MYA Resemble modern horse in size and tooth and limb structure
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Dinohippus |
Believed to be closest relative to the Equus Existed 13-5 MYA |
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Equus |
Genus that includes horses asses and zebras Fossils are found on every continent except Australia and Antarctica |
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Horses were the ____ to be domesticated |
Last of livestock |
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Przewalski's horse |
Thought to be foundation/breeding stock of the 'warm blooded' horses |
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What is their kingdom? |
Animalia |
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What is their phylum |
Chordata |
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What is their Class |
Mammalia |
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What is their order? |
Perissodactyla |
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What is their family |
Equidae |
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What is their genus? |
Equus |
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What is their species? |
E. Ferus |
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What is their sub species? |
E. f. Caballus |
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Limiting amino acids for horses are? |
In order: Lysine, Methonine, Threonine |
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What is the optimal ratio for minerals |
2:1 |
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Many B vitamins are synthesized in the ____________ by microbes |
Large Intestine |
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Fat soluble vitamins |
A,D,E,K |
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Water soluble vitamins |
Vitamin B complex, Vitamin C |
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What is the equation for calculating horses weight? |
heart girth X heart girth X length/numerical factor yearling-301 weanling-280 |
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What is the calcium to Phosphorus ratio |
1.5:1 or 2:1 |
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Toxic level of selenium |
1,650 mg/day |
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Recommended level of selenium |
1.13 mg/day |
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Try not to feed more than _______ of the horses body weight in grain per meal |
0.75% |
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Offer _____% of the horses body weight in good/moderate-quality grass hay |
2 |
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Horses only need ___-___% in protein |
8-10 |
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How can you tell if a horse is wild? |
They generally are a solid color with no white |
