Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
|
Nomenclature
|
Classified system of names.
At least 3 different names: chemical name, generic name, trade name |
|
|
|
Chemical Name
|
Identifies the actual chemical structure of the drug
|
|
|
|
Generic Name
|
The generic name is a simple name derived from the more complex chemical name. Easier to pronounce that chemical and NEVER capitalized. AKA -nonproprietary name
|
|
|
|
Brand Name
|
Name given to drug manufactured by a specific company. Short and easy to remember. Trademark, brand name, trade name and proprietary name are all terms used interchangeably to indicate a specific generic drug manufactured by several different companies.
|
|
|
|
Example of names:
|
Chemical Name: 2-diphenylmethoxy-N,N-dimethylethylamine
Generic Name: diphenhydramine Brand Name: Benadryl |
|
|
|
Physician's Desk Reference (PDR)
|
Annual publication that contains current product information. Gives accepted uses, side effects, contraindications, and doses for available drugs
|
|
|
|
Classification by Action
|
Drugs are also classified by action or function. Drugs with similar chemical actions are grouped into categories called DRUG FAMILIES. For example, drugs that relieve pain are classified as . Analgesics
|
|
|
|
Legal Classification
|
Drugs are classified legally as either prescription or nonprescription. Prescription drugs are usually given by a "pharmacist". Non-perscription = over-the-counter. Vitamins, supplements, and herbal remedies are also non-prescription and classified as Dietary Supplements and therefore not regulated by the FDA
|
|
|
|
Dose Form
|
Drug refers to the type of preparation or the manner in which the chemical agent is transported into the human body.
|
|
|
|
Tablet
|
Most common oral dose form and one of the easier to administer. Enteric-coated (don't dissolve in stomach) tablets are used for drugs that might irritate the stomach such as aspirin. Other polymers allow for slow sustained release of drug. Sustained-release, extended-release, or controlled- release tablets
|
|
|
|
Capsule
|
Dose form in which a powdered or liquid drug is contained in a gelatin shell. Dissolves in stomach.
|
|
|
|
Inhalant
|
Used for either local or systemic effects (general anesthetics). Local therapeurtic effects are optimized, and system side effects are minimized
|
|
|
|
Suppository
|
Dose form shaped for insertion into a body orifice such as the rectum, vagina, or urethra. May have local or systemic effect
|
|
|
|
Solution
|
Dose form is which one or more drugs are dissolved in a liquid carrier. Rapidly absorbed, administrated orally or parenterally. Parenteral admin includes any injection of the drug with needle beneath the skin
|
|
|
|
Suspension
|
Dose for in which one or more drugs in small particles are suspended in a liquid carrier. Most admin orally and she be shaken. Never use intravenously.
|
|
|
|
Transdermal Patch
|
Dose form that permits the drug to be applied on the skin surface, where its absorbed into the bloodstream. Some Can overheat during MRI and cause burns cause of use of aluminum
|
|
|
|
Analgesics
|
Relieve pain with out causing loss of consciousness. Two groups: Nonopioids (nonnarcotic) and opioids (narcotic). Don't refer to them as narcotics. Common ones are morphine and oxycodone(oxycontin). Physical dependence and tolerance are cmmon with long term use, addiction is not.
|
Nonopioid analgesics: acetaminophen aka tylenol are relatively safe drugs use for mild to moderate pain. No physiologic dependency
|
|
|
Anesthetics
|
Agents that reversibly depress neuronal function, producing loss of ability to perceive pain or other sensation. Two types: Local and General. General can be divided into inhalants such as Sevoflurane (Ultane) or IV such as propofol (Divrivan). Cause muscle relaxation and loss of consciousness.
|
General anesthesia is used in major surgery. Local anesthetics such as mepivacaine (Carbocaine) and lidocaine (Xylocaine) block nerve conduction from an area of body to the CNS.
|
|
|
Antianxiety Agents or Anxiolytics
|
Treat anxiety. Act on CNS to calm an anxious patient. Diazepam (Valium) and Lorazepam (ativan) are benzodiazepines used for anxiety, muscle spasms, and seizures.
|
Midazolam (versed) can be sued as a preop drug. They can be abused.
|
|
|
Antiarrhythmics
|
Drugs used to treat arrhythmias, which are variations from the normal rhythm of the heartbeat.
|
Amiodarone (Codarone) is use for ventricular arrhythmias
|
|
|
Antibiotics
|
Kill or inhibit growth of microorganisms. Broad-spectrum- kills a bunch of different types. Narrow Spectrum - kills a few different types.
|
Ciprofloxaci (Cipro), a flouroquinolone, is a broad spectrum. Penicillin VK is a narrow spectrum use primarily for treating strept throat.
|
|
|
Anticholinergics or antispasmodics
|
Drugs that reduce smooth muscle tone, motility of the GI tract, and secretions of the respiratory tract and secretory glands. Side effects- dry mouth but high doses can cause delirium (esp in older patients) rapid heartbeat, and coma.
|
Oxybutynin (Ditropan XL) and tolterodine (Detrol LA) are 2 commonly used ones to treat overactive bladder. Atropine is used preop to inhibit secretions that can be stimulated by general anesthetics and prevent slowing of heart.
|
|
|
Anticoagulants
|
Inhibit clotting of the blood or increased coagulation time. Prevent thromboembolic disorders. Heparin and enoxaprain (Lovenox) are commonly use IV ones. Can't be used orally cause can't be absorbed in GI. Can't be injected cause of hematoma.
|
Warafin( Coumadin) is an oral anticoagulant.
|
|
|
Anticonvulsants or antiepileptic
|
Prevent or control seizures. Don't treat cause just reduce activity. Divalproex (valporate Depakote) is used and also treats bipolar disease and migraines.
|
blah
|
|
|
Antidepressants
|
Treat depression. Require 6 to 12 weeks to acheive their maximal therapeutic effect. Withdrawal effects called discontinuation syndrome can happen after abrupt stopping of use.
|
Selective Serotonin Reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) included fluoxetine( Prozac), sertraline (Zoloft), paroxetine (Paxil), citalpram (celexa) and escitalopram (Lexapro). Cymbalta treats diabetic peripheral neuropathy pain.
|
|
|
Antidiabetic Agents
|
Diabetes Mellitus affects 24 million people. Classified as type 1 (insulin is absent) and type 2 (insulin deficiency and resistance exists). Insulin is the only treatment for type 1 but is used in treatments for type 2.
|
Metformin (glucophage) is used for type 2. Hypoglycemia is most common reaction with antidiabetic agents.
|
|
|
Antiemetics
|
Used to prevent and treat nausea and vomiting. More useful in preventing than stopping after the fact.
|
Prochlorperazine(compazine) and ondansetron (zofran) are common ones
|
|
|
Anesthetics
|
Agents that reversibly depress neuronal function, producing loss of ability to perceive pain or other sensation. Two types: Local and General. General can be divided into inhalants such as Sevoflurane (Ultane) or IV such as propofol (Divrivan). Cause muscle relaxation and loss of consciousness.
|
General anesthesia is used in major surgery. Local anesthetics such as mepivacaine (Carbocaine) and lidocaine (Xylocaine) block nerve conduction from an area of body to the CNS.
|
|
|
Antianxiety Agents or Anxiolytics
|
Treat anxiety. Act on CNS to calm an anxious patient. Diazepam (Valium) and Lorazepam (ativan) are benzodiazepines used for anxiety, muscle spasms, and seizures.
|
Midazolam (versed) can be sued as a preop drug. They can be abused.
|
|
|
Antiarrhythmics
|
Drugs used to treat arrhythmias, which are variations from the normal rhythm of the heartbeat.
|
Amiodarone (Codarone) is use for ventricular arrhythmias
|
|
|
Antibiotics
|
Kill or inhibit growth of microorganisms. Broad-spectrum- kills a bunch of different types. Narrow Spectrum - kills a few different types.
|
Ciprofloxaci (Cipro), a flouroquinolone, is a broad spectrum. Penicillin VK is a narrow spectrum use primarily for treating strept throat.
|
|
|
Anticholinergics or antispasmodics
|
Drugs that reduce smooth muscle tone, motility of the GI tract, and secretions of the respiratory tract and secretory glands. Side effects- dry mouth but high doses can cause delirium (esp in older patients) rapid heartbeat, and coma.
|
Oxybutynin (Ditropan XL) and tolterodine (Detrol LA) are 2 commonly used ones to treat overactive bladder. Atropine is used preop to inhibit secretions that can be stimulated by general anesthetics and prevent slowing of heart.
|
|
|
Anticoagulants
|
Inhibit clotting of the blood or increased coagulation time. Prevent thromboembolic disorders. Heparin and enoxaprain (Lovenox) are commonly use IV ones. Can't be used orally cause can't be absorbed in GI. Can't be injected cause of hematoma.
|
Warafin( Coumadin) is an oral anticoagulant.
|
|
|
Anticonvulsants or antiepileptic
|
Prevent or control seizures. Don't treat cause just reduce activity. Divalproex (valporate Depakote) is used and also treats bipolar disease and migraines.
|
blah
|
|
|
Antidepressants
|
Treat depression. Require 6 to 12 weeks to acheive their maximal therapeutic effect. Withdrawal effects called discontinuation syndrome can happen after abrupt stopping of use.
|
Selective Serotonin Reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) included fluoxetine( Prozac), sertraline (Zoloft), paroxetine (Paxil), citalpram (celexa) and escitalopram (Lexapro). Cymbalta treats diabetic peripheral neuropathy pain.
|
|
|
Antidiabetic Agents
|
Diabetes Mellitus affects 24 million people. Classified as type 1 (insulin is absent) and type 2 (insulin deficiency and resistance exists). Insulin is the only treatment for type 1 but is used in treatments for type 2.
|
Metformin (glucophage) is used for type 2. Hypoglycemia is most common reaction with antidiabetic agents.
|
|
|
Antiemetics
|
Used to prevent and treat nausea and vomiting. More useful in preventing than stopping after the fact.
|
Prochlorperazine(compazine) and ondansetron (zofran) are common ones
|
|
|
Antifungal Agents
|
Destroy or suppress growth of fungi. Fungal infections are more likely in immunocompromised patients. Two groups: thoset hat affect the skin and those that affect the whole body (systemic).
|
Fungizone(amphotericin B) drug of choice for most systemic infections. Must be done IV. Fluconazole(Diflucan) oral and parenteral, for serious systemic infection and vaginal.
|
|
|
Antihistamines
|
Drugs used to primarily to treat allergic disorders, both acute and chronic. Treat symptoms of upper resp. tract infections and common cold. Two groups: sedating(1st generation) and nonsedating(2nd gen)
|
Diphenhydramine (Benadryl) is a sedating. Loratidine(Claritin) and fexofenadine(allegra) are Nonsedating.
|
|
|
Antihyperlipidemic Agents
|
Hyperlipidemia is associated with the development of ATHEROSCLEROSIS, which leads to coronary heart disease. Largest killer of men and women. Drugs called statins are used most.
|
Two common drugs are Atorvastatin( Lipitor) and simvastatin(zocor).
|
|
|
Antihypertensives
|
Drugs used to treat hypertension. Can lead to heart disease. Affects 73 million. Recommended blood pressure is less than 140/90 mm gh.
|
Lisinopril(zestril) and beta blockers such as metoprolol (Lopressor, toprol xl) are for heart failure, amlodipineI(Norvasc) are use for angina pectoris.
|
|
|
Antiparkinson's Agents
|
Parkinsons is characterized by resting tremor, rigidity (inability to initiate movements) and bradykinesia. Levodopa-carbidopa (Sinemet) is used orally.
|
Nausa and vomiting as side effects
|
|
|
Antiplatelets
|
Inhibit platelet aggregation. Indicated in prevention of myocardial infarctions, stroke, and transiet ischemic attacks.
|
Aspirin, plavix, and repor are used. Major complication for these drugs is bleeding.
|
|
|
Antipsychotics or neuroleptics
|
Treat psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia. Two major groups: Traditional and atypical (novel).
|
Well known traditional is halperidol (Haldol). Olanzapine(Zyprexa) is a common atypical.
|
|
|
Anticulcer Agents
|
Treat peptic ulcers, both gastric and duodenal and GERD. Ranitidine(Zantac), Pecid, prevacid and prilosec reduce acid productions. Reglan increases peristalsis and quickens gastric emptying.
|
blah
|
|
|
Antiviral Agents
|
Destroy or depress spread of viruses. Treat herpes, chicken pox, shingles, flu, and HIV. Acyclovir (zovirax) treats genital herpes, pox and shingles.
|
Zidovudine (Retrovir) aka azidothmidne(AZT) treat HIV.
|
|
|
Bronchodiloators
|
Treat asthma and COPD. Can be short acting and long-acting. Albuterol(Proventil) most common fast-acting - inhaled. Tiotropium(Spiriva) long-acting-inhaled.
|
drymouth
|
|
|
Cholinesterase Inhibitors
|
Increase levels of acetylcholine. In Alzheimer's disease concentrations of it are reduced by 90%. Donepezil(Aricept) are used to manage Alzheimer's.
|
Common side effects - nausea, vomiting, diahhrea.
|
|
|
Coagulants
|
Control hemorrhage or to speed up coagulation. Most common are vitamin K.
|
Phytonadione(Mephyton) is a common one both oral and parenteral
|
|
|
Corticosteroids
|
Used to reduce the symptoms associated with chronic inflammatory conditions. Dexamethasone(Decadron) and Hydrocortisone(Solu-Cortef) are steroidal drugs systematically whereas Depro-Medorl is generally injected locally at the inflamed site.
|
Fluticasone(Flovent) is inhaled to decrease inflammation in lungs.
|
|
|
Diuretics
|
Increase amount of urine excreted by the kidneys, thus removing sodium and water from the body.
Diuretics are used with antihypertensives to treat hypertension. |
Furosemide(Lasix) is used to treat edema.
|
|
|
Hormones
|
Drugs that affect the endocrine system. Used in replacement therapy such as hyperthyroidism. Levothyroxine (synthroid) is used in the management of it.
|
Conjugated estrogen (Premarin) is a female hormone used to treat moderate to severe vasomotor symptoms. Assoc. with menopause and prevents osteoprosis.
|
|
|
Laxatives
|
Promote passage and elimination of feces from the large intestines.
|
Bisacodyl (Dulcolax) is a stimulant laxative that increases the motility of the GI tract.
|
|
|
Mood-Stabilizing Drugs
|
Prevent mood swings in patients with manic-depressive (bipolar) disorder. Lithium is a common agent used.
|
Polyuria, tremor and hypothyroidism are side effects
|
|
|
Nonsteroidal Antieinflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)
|
Have analgesic, anti-pyretic (fever reducing), and antiinflammatory. actions, most are nonselective. Ibuprofen (motrin) is one.
|
Celeoxib (Celebrex) is the only selective NSAID.
|
|
|
Osteoporosis Drugs
|
Bisphosphonates are considered the best for treating osteoporosis. Alendroante (Fosamax) and risedronate (Actonel) are common.
|
Evista, and miacalcin are others
|
|
|
Sedatives or Hypnotics
|
Produce varying degrees of CNS depression ranging from mild sedation to sleep. Zolpidem (Ambien) is a common one. Chloral hydrate syrup is an effective sedative for children
|
|
|
|
Stimulants
|
Drugs that increase activity of brain and spinal cord. Amphetamine salts (ADDERALL) and methylphenidate (Ritalin) are examples. Dobutamine (Dobutrex) and dopamine (Intropin) stimulate myocardium of the hear and are used for hypotension and shock.
|
|
|
|
Thrombolytics
|
Drugs that dissolve thrombi(Clots) that have already formed. Alteplase(tPA, Activase) and reteplase(Retavase) are common ones. Used IN CASES OF STROKE and MI.
|
|
|
|
Vasoconstrictors
|
Drugs that cause blood vessels to constrict, thus increasing heart action and raising blood pressure. Norepinephrine(Levophed) is one. Only used by IV because infiltration can cause Necrosis
|
|
|
|
Vasodilators
|
Drugs that cause blood vessels to dilate. Treat angina. Nitroglycerin is a good one. Sublingual. Nitroprusside(Nitropress) is effective in a hypertensive crisis or for heart failure
|
|
|
|
Stimulants
|
Drugs that increase activity of brain and spinal cord. Amphetamine salts (ADDERALL) and methylphenidate (Ritalin) are examples. Dobutamine (Dobutrex) and dopamine (Intropin) stimulate myocardium of the hear and are used for hypotension and shock.
|
|
|
|
Thrombolytics
|
Drugs that dissolve thrombi(Clots) that have already formed. Alteplase(tPA, Activase) and reteplase(Retavase) are common ones. Used IN CASES OF STROKE and MI.
|
|
|
|
Vasoconstrictors
|
Drugs that cause blood vessels to constrict, thus increasing heart action and raising blood pressure. Norepinephrine(Levophed) is one. Only used by IV because infiltration can cause Necrosis
|
|
|
|
Vasodilators
|
Drugs that cause blood vessels to dilate. Treat angina. Nitroglycerin is a good one. Sublingual. Nitroprusside(Nitropress) is effective in a hypertensive crisis or for heart failure
|
|
|
|
Pharmacokinetics
|
The study of how a drug is absorbed into the body, circulates within the body, is changed by the body and leaves.
|
|
|
|
Four basic factors influence movement of drug
|
1.Absorption-movement of drug from its site of administration to the blood
2. Distribution-movement from blood to various tissues and organs 3.Metabolism- chemical alteration of drugs. Liver is most important. 4.Excretion-The movement of drugs out of the body. Kidney is most important organ for drug excretion. |
|
|
|
Idiosyncratic Reaction
|
Abnormal response to a drug cause by individual genetic differences.
|
|
|
|
Various levels of sedation
|
Minimal Sedation (anxiolysis)
Moderate sedation or analgesia (conscious sedation) Deep Sedation or analgesia General Anesthesia |
|
|
|
Five Rights of Drug Administration
|
Right Drug
Right Amount Right Patient Right Time Right Route |
|
|
|
Oral Route
|
Most common method
|
|
|
|
Sublingual Route
|
Drug is place under tongue and allowed to dissolve. Nitroglycerin is take that way cause of rapid absorption
|
|
|
|
Topical
|
Apply drug directly on to skin. Absorbed into bloodstream.
|
|
|
|
Parenteral
|
Administered by injection or by a route other than the GI Tract. Common routes are intramuscular(rapid onset of action), subcutaneous( slow and constant absorption), intravenous(immediate)
|
|
|
|
Syringes
|
3 parts: Tip, barrel, plunger. Tuberculin and insulin syringes are use for precise measurements. Needless system: All needless hep-locks have a white ring on the port so you know not to use a needle.
|
|
|
|
Needles
|
Made of stainless steele.
3 Parts: the hub(attaches to syringe), cannula or shaft, and bevel(slanted tip) Short bevel for IV Long bevel for subcutaneous and intramuscular |
Length-.25 to 5inches
Gauge-14-28 Use short ones for subcutaneous -25 gauge Longer for intramuscular 1 - 1 1/2 in for intravenous. 20or 21 gauge. 18 gauge for drawing liquids |
|
|
Angiocath
|
Safer device for venipuncture because of the retractable needle
|
|
|
|
Ampule vs Vial
|
Ampule is single use. Break the glass top and extract drug
|
Vial is a small glass bottle with rubber cap. May contain multiple doses
|
|
|
Subcutaneous Injection
|
Most common sites include anterior thigh, upper back, outer surface of upper arm, and lower abdomen.
|
For ave. size patients, a 25g 5/8in needle at 45-degree angle of insertion is used. For above ave size patients use a 25g 1/2in at a 90 degree angle.
|
|
|
Intramuscular Injection
|
Most common sites of injection: deltoid muscle, vastus lateralis muscles in lateral thigh, and glutes in ass.
|
1 to 3 in needle length with a 19 to 25g at 90 degree angle of insertion
|
|
|
Intravenous Injection
|
Most common sites: cephalic vein on lateral side and the basilic vein on medial side or the cephalic and basilic veins on the posterior surface of the hand.
|
Needle length and gauge depend on viscosity of the drug.
Most commonly used needle is the winged-tip or butterfly needle. length 1/4 to 1 1/4in gauge 18 to 25 it has a tubing 3 to 12 in long that extends from the hub |
|
|
Extravasation
|
infiltration during injection. if it happens apply pressure and moist heat. If its a corrosive drug then apply a cold compress and get pharmacist
|
|
|
|
Drip Infusion
|
3 way to administer drugs through IV
1.Inject slowly 2. Bolus or push (rapid injection) 3. Drip Infusion(Large amount of liquid over time) 10 to 20 drops per minute. |
|
|
|
Charting Drug Info
|
Necessary Info: Name and Dose of drug, route, date, and the time. If done parenterally then site should be included.
|
|
|
|
Abbreviations
|
Don't use cc for cubic centimeters instead use mL for milliliters
|
|
