Introduction To Radiologic Sciences And Patient Care Ch. 22

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Autonomy

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A persons self-reliance independence, liberty, rights, privacy, individual choice, freedom of the will, and the self-contained ability to decide

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Professional Ethic

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Is one of several generally accepted criteria that serve to distinguish a profession from other occupations or trade. Rules of conduct or standards by which a particular group regulates its actions and sets standards for its members

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Ethics

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The science of rightness and wrongness of human conduct as known by natural reason

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Laws

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Are regulations established by a government that are applicable to people within a certain political subdivision

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Morals

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Generally accepted customs of right living and conduct and an individual's practice in relation to these customs

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Code of Ethics

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Practice behaviors that are defined by the members of profession are standards of professional conduct. Adopted by the American Registry of Radiologic Technologists (AART) is part A. The code comprises ten principles, which are intended to be aspirational. Part B of the Standards contains mandatory rules of acceptable professional conduct for radiologic techs.

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Personal Etiquette

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The manners and attitudes toward patients generally accepted by practitioners, should not be confused with professional ethics. For example, rudeness to patients or insensitivity to their need to preserve modesty may violate our sense of professional propriety but are not considered breaches in professional ethics. We will consider professional ethics as rules of conduct or standards beyond conformance to either law or etiquette, the internal controls of a profession based on human values or moral principles. I doubt any of that will be on the test hahaha

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Ethical Dilemmas

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Situations requiring moral judgment between tow or more equally problem fraught alternatives; tow or more competing moral norms are present, creating a challenge about what to do

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Ethical Outrage

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Gross violation of commonly held standards of decency or human rights

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The process of ethical analysis

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Identify the problem - Most difficult for students
Developing alternative solutions -
Selecting the best solution - Most difficult in general
Defending the solution -

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Moral Rules

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Statements of right conduct governing individual actions. For example: the golden rule and 10 commandments, cheating is wrong, and do no harm.
Their limitation to using moral rules as a primary guide is that most people lack a complete set of moral rules or that such a set doesn't exist.

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Ethical Theories

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Sets of principles that tell us what actions are right or wrong.
Two Groups: Consequentialism and Non-Consequentialism
Non-Consequentialism - Holds that other right-making characteristics of our actions beyond consequences exist and must be examined to determine whether a given behavior is right or wrong.

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Ethical Theories - Consequentialism

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Evaluates the rightness or wrongness of ethical decisions on the patient or at least avoiding some potential harm - Example: Lying is okay if it benefits the patient

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Ethical Theories - Non-Consequentialism

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Holds that other right-making characteristics of our actions beyond consequences exist and must be examined to determine whether a given behavior is right or wrong. Example: Won't lie under any circumstances b/c its morally wrong

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Social Contract Theory

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Attempts to describe the relationship that exists between two mutually dependent persons or groups of persons in a society. An expectation of mutual trust.

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Ethics of Care

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Cautions that our actions should not be examined as isolated events; instead, our actions should be considered as an integral part of the context of specific situations. Ex: Lying to a PT isn't an isolated event; rather, this act is surrounded by a web of circumstances - who the pt is, what his/her ills might be, etc. A caring ethic requires us to make moral judgments that reflect the communities with in which we live.

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Rights-Based Ethics

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One of the increasingly popular approaches to ethical reasoning, is based on an understanding of human rights. Advocates claim a right to health care, advocates who are medical profs champion rights of the health professions.

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Liberal Individualism

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A belief that an individual in a democratic society is shielded from undue forces and allowed to enjoy and pursue personal projects - that is the individual has certain rights.

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Rights

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Justified claims that an individual can make on others or on society and may be considered either legal rights or moral rights.
Legal Rights - Claims that have a foundation in legal principles
Moral Rights - Claims that are justified by moral principles or rules.

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Duties

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May be considered as obligations placed on individuals, groups, and institutions by reason of the so called moral bond of our interdependence with others.

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Principle-Based Ethics or Principlism

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The use of moral principles as a basis for defending a chosen path of action in resolving an ethical dilemma, has been widely accepted by medical communities.
Moral Principles aka Ethical Principles - General, universal guides to action that are derived from so-called "basic moral truths" that should be respected unless morally compelling reason exists not to do so. Includes - beneficence, non-maleficence, justice, autonomy, veracity and fidelity.
Beneficence is what most codes of ethics are based on. Encourages actions that benefit the patient

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Virtue-Based Ethics

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Use of virtues in establishing right reason in action, offers the opportunity to include the character of each participant involved in an ethical dilemma and is an especially important consideration when linked to principlism.
Virtues include: caring, faith, trust, hope, compassion, courage and fidelity.

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Moral Principle List

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Beneficence - Bringing about good
Nonmaleficence - Preventing Harm
Autonomy - Acting with personal self-reliance
Veracity - Telling the truth
Fidelity - Being faithful
Justice - Acting with fairness or equality