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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Rules for determining when reinforcement will be given.
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Reinforcement
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We can learn operant behaviors indirectly.
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Observational learning
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Ability to learn vicariously
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Models
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Can be thought of as the mental activities involved in solving problems.
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Cognition
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Mental rules of thumbs
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Heuristics
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You're asking yourself how similar or "representative" one event is of a class of events.
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Representativeness heuristic.
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Involves judging the likelihood that an event will happen in terms of how readily you can bring an instance of it to mind.
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Availability Heuristic.
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Refers to people's tendency to look for info. that will support their beliefs.
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Confirmation bias
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The inability to see new uses for familiar objects.
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Functional fixedness.
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Rules for combining morphemes in meaningful ways.
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Syntax.
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One-word stage.
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Babbling stage
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Two-word stage.
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Telegraphic speech
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Attempted to explain language development in terms of operant conditioning principles.
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B.F. Skinner
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Claimed that children have a language acquisition device.
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Noam Chomsky
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A fleeting awareness of whatever the senses have detected.
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Sensory Memory
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The info. that can be kept in the mind long enough to solve problems.
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Short-term memory (working memory)
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Deliberate, though sometimes automatic and unconscious, methods used for getting info. into long-term memory.
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Mnemonic strategies.
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Rehearsal
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repetition
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Chunking
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Grouping
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About how well you solve problems.
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Intelligence.
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First to develop an intelligence test.
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Alfred Binet.
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Mental age divided by chronological age multiplied by 100.
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Intelligence quotient.
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He labeled general intelligence "g".
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Charles Spearman
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What is nature vs. nurture?
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"Nature" refers to our biological, genetic heritage, whereas "nurture" refers to environmental effects on our development.
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The psychological process that energizes and directs behavior.
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Motivation
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Often used to illustrate how these factors can impact the occurrence and expression of a motive.
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Hunger
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The part of the brain that seems to be most important for monitoring hunger-related signals.
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Hypothalamus.
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Responsible for stopping hunger.
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Ventromedial Hypothalamus
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Responsible for increasing hunger.
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Lateral hypothalamus
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The weight our own body works to maintain.
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Set point
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An increase or decrease in heart rate.
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Physiological arousal.
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Perceiving a stimulus that has relevance to one's well-being will generate arousal and a subjective emotional experience simultaneously.
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Cannon-Bard theory
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The perception of a stimulus causes arousal first, which then causes you to feel an emotion.
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James-Lange theory
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The activity of facial muscles tells us whether we're happy or not.
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Facial Feedback Hypothesis
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Says that the quality of an emotional experience depends on how arousal is labeled.
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Stanley Schacter's Two Factor theory
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Deals with systematic, predictable changes in thinking and behavior over the lifespan.
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Developmental pscychology
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Involve comparing people of different ages at the same point in time.
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Cross-sectional studies
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Means that it cannot be determined whether differences across age groups are due to changes in age itself, or to differences in the periods of time.
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Confounded
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Involve tracking the behavior of a single cohort over long period of time.
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Longitudinal studies
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In which people of different ages are followed over a long period of time.
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Cross-Sequential study
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Describes how children's thinking changes as they get older.
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Piaget's theory
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Children think only in terms of what they can sense and what they can do.
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Sensorimotor stage
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The understanding that objects continue to exist even when their presence can't be sensed.
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Object Permanence
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Don't use logical reasoning, but instead reason intuitively.
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Pre-operational stage.
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The understanding that some quantitative aspects of objects don't change just because the object's appearance has been transformed in some way.
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Conservation
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They have trouble seeing things from other people's perspectives.
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Egocentric
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Think logically but only about things that are "concrete"
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Concrete operational stage
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Thinking, or the logic of science, can think abstractly.
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Formal Operational
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A child understands the world in one particular way and then sees something happen that can't fit into that understanding.
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Disequilibrium.
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Involves understanding events in terms of your current scheme.
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Assimiliation
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Relies heavily on the idea that tension is necessary for change.
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Erikson's theory of psycho-social development
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Sharing wisdom and experience with other people.
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Generativity
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Taking care of only their own deteriorating physcial and mental abilities.
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Stagnation.
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Share the common beliefs that people's behavior is motivated largely by unconscious needs.
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Psychoanalytic theories
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Describes people as having two fundamental needs or motives: sex and aggression.
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Freud's theory of psychoanalysis
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Refers to the biological part of our personality.
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Id
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Do what feels good and do it now.
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The Pleasure Principle
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The rational, realistic part of our personality involves learning, problem-solving, and reasoning.
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Ego
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Do what will get our needs met and without getting hurt.
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The Reality Principle
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The social part of our personality that allows us to get along with other people.
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Superego
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Do what's right, and don't do what's wrong.
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The Morality Principle
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From the Freudian perspective, these objects are symbolic or metaphorical reminders of things the person wants, but can't allow themselves to have.
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Phobias
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Periods of life defined by parts of the body that do the most to make you feel good.
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Psychosexual stages
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Often used as an example of this approach.
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Carl Roger's self theory
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How people think about themselves and their relations with the world around them.
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Cognition
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How people think, how people behave, and what their environment is like
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Reciprocal determinism
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Measuring the many, many ways in which people differ, reducing those many ways down to a more manageable subset.
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Individual-difference approach
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Big Five Personality traits
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Openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
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Used to identify traits for which scores correlate highly with each other.
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Factor analysis
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Stage child enters after oral and anal stages.
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Phallic stage.
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The branch of psychology that deals with psychological disorders.
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Abnormal psychology
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Unusual feelings of dread, fearfulness, or terror.
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Anxiety Disorders
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Feel persistent, but are unaware of its source.
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Generalized anxiety disorder
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Involves unpredictable, minutes-long episodes of terror that have a sudden onset.
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Panic Disorder
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Characterized by depression, mania, or both.
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Mood Disorders
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Characterized by feelings of hopelessness, sadness, and discouragement.
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Major depressive disorder
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Feature the fragmentation of personality.
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Dissociative disorders
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Unable to remember personally relevant info.
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Dissociative amnesia
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Travels away from home or work suddenly and unexpectedly, can't recall his or her past.
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Dissociative fugue
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Multiple personality disorder
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Dissociative identity disorder
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A disorder involving symptoms of psychosis.
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Schizophrenia
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Exhibit delusions of grandeur or persecution.
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Paranoid Schizophrenics
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Exhibit disorganized speech or behavior, and innappropriate emotional responses.
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Disorganized schizophrenics
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Exhibit odd motor activity.
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Catatonic Schizophrenia
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Senselessly repeating back words someone else has just said.
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Echolalia
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Exhibit symtpoms of any type of schizophrenia, but do not meet the specific criteria for having one of the other forms.
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Undifferentiated schizophrenia
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The individual has physical symptoms usually associated with some sort of disease or physical disorder.
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Somatoform disorders.
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Involve impaired motor functioning or impaired sensory functioning that can't be attributed to any neurological problems.
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Conversion disorders
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Characterized by patterns of behavior or thinking that are clearly and substantially inconsistent with the expectations of one's culture.
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Personality disorders.
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A person who is extremely suspicious and distrustful.
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Paranoid personality.
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Tramples on the right of others, is impulsive, and lacks a conscience.
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Antisocial personality.
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Has trouble maintaining relationships and has a wide fluctuations in both self-image and emotional behaviors.
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Borderline personality disorder.
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Needs undue admiration and praise.
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Narcissistic personality
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Focuses on the possibility that unconscious conflicts cause anxiety that is dealt with in a maladaptive way.
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Psychoanalytic approach.
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Explains abnormal behavior in terms of abnormal patterns of thinking.
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Cognitive approach.
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The problem behavior itself is the problem.
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Learning or behavioral approach.
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Problems arise when urges come up against social pressure to squelch them.
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Psychoanalytic thinking
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Involves having the individual relax as much as possible and say whatever comes to mind.
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Free Association
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Emphasis is more on what's happening now and what the client wants to change for the future.
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Humanistic therapies.
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Assume that something going on inside an individual is responsible for abnormal behavior.
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Cognitive therapies.
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