Introduction To Psychology

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Psychology

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Psychology is the systematic, scientific study of behaviour & Cognitive (Mental) Processes. It spans many levels of explanation.

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Behaviour

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Any observable action / response of human and animal (eg. eating, speaking, running)

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Cognitive Processes (Mental Processes)

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Any action not directly observe, in the form of wide range of complex mental processes. (eg. thinking, imagining, studying, remembering)

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William James

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~Founder of American Psychology Association

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E.O. Wilson

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~Social Sciences are the true hard sciences

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Meehls Maxim

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The best prediction to future behaviour is past behaviour.

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Behaviour

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~Difficult to predict

~Produced by many factors (Be wary of single variable explanations)

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Multicolinearity

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The overlap among different causes of behaviour.

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Reciprocal Determinism

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The tendency for people to mutually influence each others behaviour.

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The 1st Psychological Lab was Develped by

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William Wundt in 1879 in Germany

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5 Theoretical Frameworks that have impacted psychology

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-Structuralism

-Functionalism

-Behaviourism

-Cognitivism

-Psychoanalysis

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Structuralism

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*Backed by William Wundt

*Proposes that psychology should focus on analyzing the contents of consciousness

*Focuses on identifying basic structure of psychological experiences.

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Functionalism

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*Backed by William James

*Inspired by Charles Darwin

*Focuses on understanding the adaptive functions of psychological characteristics

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Behaviourism

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*Backed by John B. Watson & B.F. Skinner

*Advocates the use of strict experimental procedures to study observable behaviour (responses) in relation to the environment (stimuli).

*Only concerned with behaviour that can be observed an measured.

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Challenges of Behaviourism

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Critics say that behaviourism oversimplifies human behaviour and that it sees the human being as an automaton instead of a creature of will and purpose.

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Critics of Behaviourism

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Gestalt Psychologists

Psychoanalytic, humanistic and cognitive theorists.

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Cognitive Psychology

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* Our thinking affects our behaviour

*Understanding Brain functions and how we interpret reward & function

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Psychoanalysis

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Backed by Sigmund Freud

Focus on internal psychological processes, memories & thoughts, things we are unaware of.

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Types of Psychology

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Clinical Psychology

Neuropsychology

Counseling Psychology

Developmental Psychology

School Psychology

Experimental Psychology

Organizational Psychology

Forensic Psychology