Introduction To Pharmacology

Front 1

What is Pharmacology?

Back 1

is the study of the interaction between chemicals and living systems.

Front 2

What is a drug?

Back 2

It is any chemical agent, other than a nutrient or an essential dietary ingredient, which, when administered to a living organism, produces a biological effect.

Front 3

What are the sources of drug molecules?

Back 3

-synthetic chemicals,
-chemicals obtained from plants or
-animals, or
-products of genetic engineering

Front 4

What is a medicine?

Back 4

A medicine is a chemical preparation, which usually but not necessarily contains one or more drugs, administered with the intention of producing a therapeutic effect.

Front 5

Subdivisions of pharmacology?!

Back 5

Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Pharmacotherapeutics
Toxicology

Front 6

Pharmacokinetics definition

Back 6

This describes (what the body does to the drug) Which includes topics such as absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of the drugs.

Front 7

Pharmacodynamics definition

Back 7

This describes (what the drug does to the body) specifically it deals with the biochemical and physiological effects if the drugs and their mechanisms of action.

Front 8

Pharmacotherapeutics definition

Back 8

Which describes the use of drugs for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of the disease.

Front 9

Toxicology definition

Back 9

Which describes the undesirable effects if therapeutics agents, poisons and pollutants on biologic systems

Front 10

Rate and efficacy of absorption depends on what?

Back 10

-Route of administration -- The intravenous route is most effective.
- Blood flow – Highly vascularized organs such as the small intestine have the greatest absorbing ability.
-Surface area available – Absorption of a drug is directly proportional to the surface area available.
-Solubility of a drug
-Drug – drug interactions
-pH -- A drug’s acidity or alkalinity affects its charge, which affects absorption.

Front 11

Pharmacodynamics includes whats?

Back 11

-principles of receptor interactions
-mechanisms of therapeutic and toxic action
-dose response relationships.

Front 12

How is pharmacodynamics related to pharmacokinetic?

Back 12

The pharmacokinetic processes' of absorption, distribution, biotransformation and excretion determine how quickly and to what extent a drug will appear at a target site. Pharmacodynamics concepts explain the pharmacological effects of drugs and their mechanism of action.

Front 13

How drugs would affect the biological system?

Back 13

-Receptors
-Enzymes
-Carrier molecules (transporters)
-Ion channels.

Front 14

What is a receptor?

Back 14

A macromolecule typically make of proteins that interacts with either an endogenous ligand or a drug to medicate a pharmacologic or physiologic effect .

Front 15

What are the two main functions of receptors?

Back 15

1. Ligand binding
2. Activation of an effectors system (message propagation)

Front 16

What is an effector?

Back 16

Effectors transducer drug receptor interactions into cellular effects.

Front 17

What is an agonist?

Back 17

A drug that binds to and activates receptors.

Front 18

What is full agonist

Back 18

A drug that when bound to a receptor, produces 100% of the maximum possible biologic response.

Front 19

What are partial agonists

Back 19

Drugs that produce less than 100% of the maximum possible biologic response no matter how high their concentration.

Front 20

What are antagonists

Back 20

Drugs that bind to receptors or other drugs and inhibit a biologic response.

Front 21

What does a competitive antagonist do

Back 21

It binds reversibly to the same active site of an enzyme as an agonist.

Front 22

How can a competitive antagonist be overcome?

Back 22

By increasing the concentration of the drug (agonist). The maximum efficacy of the drug will not change in the presence of a competitive antagonist.

Front 23

What does a noncompetitive antagonist do?

Back 23

It binds irreversibly to a different site on the enzyme than the antagonist noncompetitive agonists cannot be overcome by increasing concentrations of the drug.

Front 24

How will the maximum efficacy of a drug be affected by such noncompetitive antagonists?

Back 24

Maximum efficacy will be reduced in the presence of a noncompetitive antagonist.

Front 25

What is the difference between efficacy and potency

Back 25

Efficacy is the ability to produce a biologic effect. Potency is related to the amount of drug necessary to cause biologic effect.

Front 26

Give an example of efficacy

Back 26

If two drugs drug A and drug B are both claimed to reduce a patient's heart rate by 25% then they have the same efficacy.

Front 27

Give an example of potency.

Back 27

Only 1 mg of drug A Needs to be given to achieve a reduction in heart rate, whereas 10 mg of drug B are needed. Therefore, it can be inferred that drug A is more Potent.

Front 28

Clinical pharmacology

Back 28

- (the medical field of medication effects on humans).

Front 29

Neuro- and Psychopharmacology

Back 29

(effects of medication on behavior and nervous system functioning),

Front 30

Pharmacogenetics

Back 30

(clinical testing of genetic variation that gives rise to differing response to drugs).

Front 31

Pharmacogenomics

Back 31

(application of genomic technologies to new drug discovery and further characterization of older drugs).

Front 32

Pharmacoepidemiology

Back 32

(study of effects of drugs in large numbers of people).

Front 33

Posology

Back 33

- (how medicines are dosed mathematically).

Front 34

Pharmacognosy

Back 34

- (deriving medicines from plants).

Front 35

Drug Indication

Back 35

: is the action and medical uses of the drug.

Front 36

Contra-indications

Back 36

: when the drug has harmful interactions with another / case of hypersensitivity.

Front 37

Adverse Reactions (Side Effects)

Back 37

: are the unpleasant effects of drugs that happen in addition to the main therapeutic effect.

Front 38

Drug interactions

Back 38

: occurs when the effect of a therapeutically administered drug is changed by another chemical substance which may be another drug, food, drink (alcohol), insecticides, and drug of abuse or chemical agents.

Front 39

Psychology

Back 39

: is the study of mental processes and behavior in man and animals.

Front 40

Neuro- and Psychopharmacology

Back 40

: is the study of the effects of drugs on nervous system functioning and mental/behavioral activity.

Front 41

How drugs are named and classified?

Back 41

Chemical name
Generic name
Official name
Trademark or Brand name
OTC drugs (over-the-counter)