Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Unregulated proliferation of WBC's with impaired maturation. Numerous immature "blasts" present on blood smear. Rapid onset. Rapidly fatal course if untreated.
|
Acute leukemias
|
|
|
Unregulated proliferation of WBC's that retain some ability to partially differentiate. Few blast cells. Cells usually resemble normal, mature granulocytes and lymphocytes. Usually gradual onset and more indolent course.
|
Chronic leukemias
|
|
|
Malignancy of granulocytic WBC's (neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, or monocytes). May occur in acute form (Acute Myeloblastic Leukemia - AML), or chronic form (Chronic Myeloid Leukemia - CML).
|
Myelogenous (granulocytic) leukemias
|
|
|
Malignancy of lymphocytes. May occur in acute form (Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia - ALL) or chronic form (Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia - CLL).
|
Lymphocytic leukemias
|
|
|
Chromosomal disorders such as Down's syndrome
High levels of ionizing radiation Exposure to toxins - especially benzene derivatives and alkylating antineoplastic drugs History of an inherited primary immunodeficiency disorder |
Acute Leukemias
|
|
|
When WBC counts exceed 100,000/ µl there can be slowing of the circulation through capillaries in the cerebrum leading to coma, intracranial hemorrhage, or stroke. Decreased perfusion in the lungs can cause hypoxia and dyspnea.
|
Leukostasis
|
|
|
Increased uric acid - gout, renal stones, renal failure.
Hypercalcemia (or hypocalcemia) Hyperkalemia |
Acute leukemia - Common metabolic manifestations of leukemia
|
|
|
The type of leukemia associated with the following characteristics..
the blood-forming cells eventually mature, or differentiate, but they are not normal. They remain in the bloodstream much longer than normal white blood cells, and they are unable to combat infection well. |
chronic leukemia
|
|
|
it is a disease in which bone marrow cells proliferate (multiply) outside of the bone marrow tissue
|
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)
|
|
|
the most common leukemia in North America and in Europe. It is a disease of older adults and is very rare among people who are younger than 50 years of age.
|
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)
|
|
|
The type of leukemia that is thought to result from the gradual accumulation of mature, long-lived lymphocytes
Extreme longevity and build-up of malignant cells |
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)
|
|
|
In this form of leukemia, the bone marrow cells show no significant signs of differentiation (maturation to obtain distinguishing cell characteristics)
|
Undifferentiated AML (M0)
|
|
|
with/without minimal cell maturation) - The bone marrow cells show some signs of granulocytic differentiation.
|
Myeloblastic leukemia (M1)
|
|
|
The maturation of bone marrow cells is at or beyond the promyelocyte (early granulocyte) stage; varying amounts of maturing granulocytes may be seen. This subtype often is associated with a specific genetic change involving translocation of chromosomes 8 and 21.
|
Myeloblastic leukemia (M2)
|
|
|
Most cells are abnormal early granulocytes that are between myeloblasts and myelocytes in their stage of development and contain many small particles. The cell nucleus may vary in size and shape. Bleeding and blood clotting problems, such as disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), are commonly seen with this form of leukemia
|
Promyelocytic leukemia (M3 or M3 variant [M3V])
|
|
|
The bone marrow and circulating blood have variable amounts of differentiated granulocytes and monocytes. The proportion of monocytes and promonocytes (early monocyte form) in the bone marrow is greater than 20% of all nucleated (nucleus-containing) cells.
|
Myelomonocytic leukemia (M4 or M4 variant with eosinophilia [M4E])
|
|
|
There are two forms of this subtype. The first form is characterized by poorly differentiated monoblasts (immature monocytes) with lacy-appearing genetic material. The second, differentiated form is characterized by a large population of monoblasts, promonocytes, and monocytes
|
Monocytic leukemia (M5)
|
|
|
This form of leukemia is characterized by abnormal red blood cell-forming cells, which make up over half of the nucleated cells in the bone marrow.
|
Erythroleukemia (M6)
|
|
|
The blast cells in this form of leukemia look like immature megakaryocytes (giant cells of the bone marrow) or lymphoblasts (lymphocyte-forming cells).
distinguished by extensive fibrous tissue deposits (fibrosis) in the bone marrow. |
Megakaryoblastic leukemia (M7)
|
|
|
Mature-appearing lymphoblasts (T-cells or pre-B-cells). Cells are small with uniform genetic material, regular nuclear shape, nonvisible nucleoli (round bodies within the nucleus, the site of RNA synthesis), and little cytoplasm (substance of a cell, excluding the nucleus)
|
L1
|
|
|
Immature and pleomorphic (variously shaped) lymphoblasts (T-cells or pre-B-cells). Cells are large and variable in size, with variable genetic material, irregular nuclear shape, one or more large nucleoli, and variable cytoplasm.
|
L2
|
|
|
Lymphoblasts (B-cells; Burkitt's cells) are large and uniform; genetic material is finely stippled and uniform; nuclear shape is regular (oval to round); there are one or more prominent nucleoli; and cytoplasm is moderately abundant
|
L3
|
