Introduction To Geography Ch 10-12

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Economic Geography

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study of how people earn their living, how livelihood systems vary by area and how economic activities are spatially interrelated and linked.

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Primary Activities

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Those that harvest or extract something from the earth.

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Secondary Activities

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Add value to materials by changing their form or combining them into more useful and more valuable commodities

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Tertiary Activities

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businesses and labor specialization that provide services to the primary and secondary sectors and goods and services to the general community.

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Quaternary

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services rendered by white collar professionals working in education, government, management, and information processing.

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Quinary Activities

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High level decision making roles in all types of large organizations public or private.

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Subsistence Economy

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goods and services are created for the use of producers or their agents in theory freely market their goods and services

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Planned Economies

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Communist controlled societies that have now collapsed in nearly every country where they were formally created or imposed, producers or their agents dispose of goods and services through governmental agencies that control both supply and price.

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Agriculture

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The growing of crops and the tending of livestock.

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Extensive Subsistence Agricultural

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Large areas of land and minimal labor input per hectare.

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Intensive subsistence agriculture

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The cultivation of small land holdings through the expenditure of great amounts of labor per acre.

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Nomadic Herding

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The wandering but controlled movement of livestock solely dependent on natural forage, most extensive land use system.

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Shifting Cultivation

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aka swidden, rotate fields rather than crops to maintain productivity.

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Green Revolution

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A complex seed and management agriculture designed to bring larger harvests from a given area of farmland.

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von Thunen Rings

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Transport cost are uniform in all directions. Illustrates production costs plus its transport costs are uniform in all directions.

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Intensive commercial agriculture

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production of crops that give high yields and high market value per unit of land.

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Extensive Commercial Agriculture

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cheaper land which larger farm units usually wheat and livestock ranching.

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Plantation

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the introduction of a foreign element into an indigenous culture and economy.

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Gathering Industries

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based on harvesting the natural bounty of renewable resources through depletion of over-exploitation

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Extractive Industries

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removing nonrenewable metallic and nonmetallic minerals from the earths crust.

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Maximum Sustainable Yield

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Largest volume or rate of use that will not impair its ability to be renewed or to maintain the same future productivity.

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Tragedy of the Commons

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When a resource is available to all in the absence of controls he or she is best served by exploiting the resource to the maximum.

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Aquaculture

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the breeding of fish in fresh water ponds, estuaries, or enclosures.

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Variable Costs

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Subdivided their total costs into categories and note how each cost will vary from place to place.

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Least-Cost Theory

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Alfred Weber optimum location of a manufactoring establishment in terms of minimization of three basic expenses: transport costs, labor costs, and agglomeration costs.

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Agglomeration

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clustering of productive activities and people for mutual advantage.

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Fordism

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labor force for the generalized mass markets.

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External Economics

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a form of savings from shared transport facilities, social services, public utilities, communication facilities.

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Infrastructure

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Services needed to facilitate industrial and other forms of economic development.

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Comparative Advantage

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Tells us the areas and countries can best improve their economies and living standards through specialization.

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Outsourcing

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producing parts abroad for domestic sale.

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Offshoring

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hiring foreign workers to take over and run a particular business process or operation.

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Transnational Corporations(TNCs)

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Private firms that have established branch operations in nations foreign to their headquarters county.

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Foreign Direct Investment

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the purchase of construction of factories or other fixed assests by TNCs.

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Hinterland

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Food provided by the urban population by the surrounding city.

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Town

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Smaller in size and have less functional complexes.

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City

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bigger than towns

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Suburb

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a subsidariy area, dependent on a urban area.

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Central City

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part of an urban area contained within the suburban ring.

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Urbanized Area

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a continuously build-up landscape defined by building and population densities with no reference to political boundaries.

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Metropolitan Area

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A large scale entity operating as an integrated economic whole.

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Situation

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indicates relative location, Describes settlement in relation to the physical and cultural characteristics of the surrounding areas.

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Economic Base

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Activities preformed to support the urban population.

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Basic Sector

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Economic structure is made up of activities of people that bring in money from outside the community.

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Nonbasic Sector

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workers produce goods or services for residents of the city itself.

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Multiplier Effect

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As a city adds basic sector employment it will acquire people filling both the basic and nonbasic positions.

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Central Place Theory

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Walter Christaller explained the size and location of settlements. Understand town interdependence.

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Urban Influence Zones

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Areas outside of the city that are still effected by the city.

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Urban Hierarchy

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ranking of cities based on their size and functional complexity.

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Rank-Size Rule

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Tells us that the nth largest city of a national system of cities will be 1/n the size of the largest city.

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Primate City

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far more than twice the size of the second ranked city.

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World Cities

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Urban centers that are the control and command center of the global economy.

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Central Business District

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Highest accessibility

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Concentric Zone Model

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Ernest Burgess five zones. First, CBD, second zone of transition, then workers homes, fourth and fifth our areas of middle class.

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Sector Model

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focuses on transportation arterials.

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Multiple-nuclei Model

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counters central assumption of the concentric zone and sector models- urban growth and development take place outward into a single central core.

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Peripheral Model

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Focuses on peripheral belt that lies within metropolitan area.

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Edge Cities

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Regional and national headquarters of leading corporations become part of a new outer city.

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Megalopolis

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continuesly built up region with many new centers that compete with business.

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Gentrification

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the rehabilitation of housing in the oldest and now deteriorated inner-city areas by middle and high class income groups.

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Ecology

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The study how organisms interact with one another and with their physical environment

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Ecosystems

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Self-sustaining units that consist of all the organisms and physical features working together in a particular area.

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Food Chain

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The transfer of energy and material from one organism to another.

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IPAT equation

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summarizes the different factors influencing the degree of human impact on the environ. I- impact on envi P-population A- influence of standard of living T- technology factor

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Hydrologic Cycle

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system by which the water is continuously circulated through the biosphere.

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Channelization

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Modifying river flow, embarkments and dikes of channels to control floodwaters or to improve navigation

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Environmental Pollution

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introduction into the biospher of wastes that cannot be disposed by natural processing cycles.

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Eutrophication

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enrichment of waters by nutrients

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PCB's

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used as lubricants in pipelines , a pollution in water pipelines

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Thermal Pollution

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when water that has been heated is returned into the environment and has adverse effects on the environment

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Acid Rain

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Sulfur and Nitrogen that create burning fossil fuels that change chemically as they are transported through the atmosphere.

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Photochemical Smpg

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Oxides of Nitrogen. Type of air pollution.

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Ozone

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molecule consisting of three oxygen atoms rather than two normal oxgen atoms.

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Ozone Layer

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6-15 miles above ground, ozone forms a protective blanket.

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CFC's

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Halons, carbon tetracholoride, and methyl chloroform.

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Subsidence

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settling or sinking of a portion of the land surface.

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Biodiversity hot spots

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area with an exceptionally high number of endemic species(those that occur nowhere else) that is at a high risk of disruption by human activity

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Exotic Species

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a plant or animal that has been released into an ecosystem in which it does not evolve is non-indigenous.

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Biological Magnification

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accumulation of chemical in the fatty tissue of an organism and its concentration at progressively higher levels in the food chain.

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Hazardous Waste

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discarded materials that may pose a substantial threat to human health or to the environment when improperly stored.

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recycling

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recovering and reprocessing or reuse of previously used material into new products for the same or another purpose.