Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Define homologous series |
Organic compounds Same functional group Same general formula Gradual change in physical properties Similar chemical properties |
|
|
Define functional group |
atoms Specific group of atomsDetermine properties of molecule Determine properties of molecule |
|
|
What are the 4 types of formulae? |
General Structural Displayed Skeletal |
|
|
What are the prefixes for naming organic compounds based on the number of carbon atoms from 1 to 10? |
Meth Eth Prop But Pent Hex Hept Oct HeptOctNonDec Non Dec |
|
|
List the homologous series |
Alkanes Alkenes Halogenoalkanes Alcohols Aldehydes Ketones Esters Carboxylic acid Amine Nitrile |
|
|
List the functional groups associated with each homologous series |
Alkenes - double C bond Halogenoalkanes - halogen Alcohols - hydroxyl group Aldehydes - carbonyl Ketone - carbonyl Carboxylic acid - carboxyl Ester - ester Amine - amine Nitrile - nitrile |
|
|
Homolytic fission |
Breakage of covalent bond Each atom takes 1 electron 2 radicals formed |
|
|
Heterolytic fission |
Breakage of covalent bond More electronegative atom takes both electrons Negative ion formed |
|
|
Electrophile |
Electron deficient species Attracted to negative charges Accepts electron pair |
|
|
Nucleophile |
Electron rich species Donates electron pair Attracted to positive charges |
|
|
Outline a free radical reaction |
Intiation - UV light, homolytic fission Propagation - radical attacks reactant forming more radicals Termination - 2 free radicals react forming products |
|
|
Addition reaction |
2 molecules combine Form 1 product |
|
|
Substitution reaction |
Atom/atom group replaced by another |
|
|
Elimination reaction |
Small molecule removed from organic compound |
|
|
Hydrolysis reaction |
Compound broken down by water/dilute acid or alkali |
|
|
Condensation reaction |
2 organic molecules join Eliminate small molecules |
|
|
Oxidation reaction |
Oxygen added Electrons removed Ox number increases |
|
|
Reduction reaction |
Oxygen removed Electrons added Ox number decreases |
|
|
List the 4 types of organic mechanisms |
Free radical substitution Electrophilic addition reaction Nucleophilic addition reaction Nucleophilic substitution reaction |
|
|
Free radical substitution |
Halogen atom Substitutes for H atom in alkanes |
|
|
Electrophilic addition reaction |
Electron rich region in molecule Attacked by electrophile Followed by: Addition of small molecule To give one product |
|
|
Nucleophilic substitution reaction |
Electron rich nucleophile Displaces halogen atom |
|
|
Nucleophilic addition reaction |
Electron deficient region in molecule Attacked by nucleophile Follewed by: Addition of small molecule To give one product |
|
|
List all electrophilic addition reactions on alkenes |
Hydrogenation and PT catalyst to form alkane Steam and H3PO4 catalyst to form alcohol Hydrogen halide to form halogenoalkane Halogen to form halogenoalkane |
|
|
List all oxidation reactions on alkenes |
Cold dilute KMnO4 to form diol Hot concentrated KMnO4 to form diol then CO2/carboxylic acid/ketone (2 H atoms, 1 H atom, no H atom attached to C respectively) |
|
|
Carbocation |
Positive V atoms with only 3 covalent bonds |
|
|
Markonikovs rule |
In addition reaction Of hydrogen halide to an alkene Halogen ends up bonded to most substituted carbon i.e. greatest number of H atoms |
|
|
Types of structural isomerism |
Chain Positional Functional group |
|
|
What is PAN |
Photochemical reaction of VOCs and NOs |
|
|
Types of stereoisomerism |
Geometrical (cis/trans) - unsaturated/ring compounds Optical - attached to 4 different atom groups |
|
|
How are halogenoalkanes formed |
Free radical substitution of alkanes Electrophilic addition of hydrogen halides/halogens Substitution of alcohols using hydrochloric acid/PCl3/PCl5/SOCl2 |
|
|
SN1 mechanism |
Substitution Nucleophilic Both halogenoalkane and nucleophile ion concentration affect reaction rate |
|
|
SN2 mechanism |
SubstitutionNucleophile Halogenoalkane ONLY concentration affect reaction rate |
|
|
K2Cr2O7 |
Goes from orange to green Cr2O7²- ions to Cr³+ ions Oxidises alcohols to aldehydes and ketones |
|
|
Forming alcohol |
Steam + alkene H3PO4 catalyst Cold dilute KMnO4 oxidation to form diol Substitution of halogenoalkane by NaOh Reduction of aldehyde/ketone by NaBH4/LiAlH4 Reduction of carboxylic acid by LiAlH4 Hydrolysis of ester by dilute acid/alkali |
|
|
Iodoform test |
Test for alcohols Forms yellow precipitate |
|
|
Aldehydes |
Formed from primary alcohol Warmed and oxidised then distilled Oxidises to carboxylic acid if not distilled |
|
|
2,4 DNPH |
Detects carbonyls Deep orange precipitate |
|
|
Fehling's solution |
Detect aldehydes Form carboxylic acid Copper (ii) ions to Cu+ Opaque red |
|
|
Tollens reagent |
Ag+ions to Ag atom Silvery mirror Ammonised silver nitrate solution |
|
|
Carboxylic acids formation |
Oxidation of primary alcohols and aldehydes Hydrolysis of nitriles Hydrolysis of esters |
|
|
Nitrogen compounds formatting |
Reaction with ethanolic KCN (CN- acts as nucleophile) Hydrolysis of nitriles by dilute acid/alkali followed acidification |
|
|
Calculating relative atomic mass |
Sum (Relative abundance of isotope × mass of isotope x) / 100 |
|
|
Determining number of c around using [M+1] peak |
|
|
|
Detecting chlorine using M+2 peak |
Compound with 1Cl had 2 M+ peaks Ratio of 35 to 37Cl is 3:1 Compound with 2Cl aims had 3M+ peak |
|
|
Detecting bromine using M+2 peak |
Ratio of peak heights with 1 Br is 1:1 Ratio of peak heights with 2 Br is 1:2:1 |
