Introduction And General Science

Front 1

Primary literature

Back 1

Scientific resources written by the researchers themselves and review within the scientific community.

•most articles have been peer reviewed, that it, their articles have been read and evaluated by other researchers in their particular field.

•This does not mean everything published in journals shouldn't be reviewed and evaluated by individuals.

Front 2

Secondary literature

Back 2

Non-scientific journal sources of information, such as books, blogs, google, news reports, advertisements.

•information from secondary literature is not as reliable as primary literature, most of this information has been filtered/altered/ dumbed down.

Front 3

Anecdotal evidence

Back 3

Opinions/ Ideas based on personal experience.

Front 4

Discovery science (observational science)

Back 4

Describing naturally occurring phenomena

Front 5

Hypothesis-driven science (experimental science)

Back 5

Explaining naturally occurring phenomena.

Front 6

Data

Back 6

Recorded observations (basis of scientific studies)

•MUST BE VERIFIABLE AND MEASURABLE

Front 7

Hypothesis

Back 7

An idea about how things work.

They are written as a testable statement.

•must be able to evaluate a hypothesis through observations w/ measurable data.

•they must be falsifiable there must be a set of potential observation that disprove it.

Front 8

Inductive reasoning

Back 8

Combining a series of specific observation and knowledge to discern a general principle.

Front 9

Deductive reasoning

Back 9

Utilizes a general principle to predict an expected observation/outcome

Front 10

Null hypothesis

Back 10

There is no difference between experimental and control conditions. There is NO CHANGE.

Front 11

Alternate hypothesis

Back 11

Are any other hypothesis that could explain the same results.

Front 12

Nondirectional hypothesis

Back 12

Assumes that by manipulating the independent variable there will be a change in the dependent variable.

Front 13

Directional hypothesis

Back 13

Assumes that by manipulating the independent variable there will be a change in the dependent variable.

•predicts the specific direction that a correlation will take (positive, negative or curvilinear)

Front 14

Independent variables

Back 14

The change that is being make in your experiment.

Front 15

Dependent variable

Back 15

It is the suspected change due to your independent variable.

Front 16

Experimental group

Back 16

This is the group that is under going the independent variable.

Front 17

Control group

Back 17

This is the group that is being compared to the experimental group, it has NOT underwent any independent variable

Front 18

Placebo

Back 18

An inert substance given to a test subject.

Front 19

Blind studies

Back 19

When info. about an experiment is withheld from those who would have experimental bias

Front 20

Single blind

Back 20

When the test subject is withheld info.

Front 21

Double blind

Back 21

When both test subject and administrator/data collector is withheld info.

Front 22

Steps to scientific method

Back 22

1. Make observation

2. formulate a hypothesis

3. Devise a testable prediction

4. Conduct a critical experiment

5. Draw conclusions and make revisions

Front 23

Theory

Back 23

A comprehensive explanation supported by abundant evidence, and is general enough to spin off many new testable hypotheses.