Intro To Technology Quiz 2

Front 1

The Web brought on what 2 major changes?

Back 1

1. Dialup changed from terminal (text-based) to IP based.
2. "the browser" integrated text and multimedia like never before (including mouse, intermingled pictures and text).

Front 2

File browser

Back 2

a way to look at a website through the desktop, not online.

Front 3

Plugins

Back 3

things that are not native to the browser, including Adobe Flash (a cathedral application).
-client-side scripts

Front 4

Other browser features

Back 4

1. view source
2. history
3. tabs and multiple windows
4. bookmarks (now dying out)
5. search bar

Front 5

Characteristics of Html tags

Back 5

1. give structure to the document
2. add metadata
3. profile headings, paragraph formatting
4. tables for data and aesthetics
5. lists
6. links

Front 6

Server-side scripts

Back 6

programs that run on the web server that produce HTML code to display to the browser.

Front 7

Client-side scripts

Back 7

aka; applets or plugins
-programs downloaded from the web to run in your browser (ex: Java Script, Flash Player)

Front 8

Cookies

Back 8

Server-originated information stored in the web browser:
-works for just one session OR
-persists across logins (the "remember my login" information functionability)
-when you shop online, the cart "remembers" what you have.

Front 9

Forms

Back 9

basic construct to take user input from the browser and submit it back to the website.

Front 10

Eras

Back 10

Today: the "I" eras
-IPad, IPhone, IPod, increased personalization
Previously: the "e" era (dotcom era)
-ebooks, eharmony, etrade
Previously: beginning era
-cyberspace, online, virtual reality

Front 11

Difference between content and presentation

Back 11

Content: the information you want your web page to convey.
Presentation: the way the web page is displayed/presented for your device.

Front 12

Content Management Systems (CMS)

Back 12

Blogs, wikis, website hosting frameworks (like Wordpress, Drupal, etc) that provide a way to structure and organize web information. Independent from the underlying Html code.

Front 13

Tiers of users on the Web, #1

Back 13

Users lurkers, browsers, consumers
Description: those who read the web

Front 14

Tiers of users on the Web, #2

Back 14

Contributors, commenters, trolls
Description: those who add to discussions on existing sites, comments, etc.

Front 15

Tiers of users on the Web, #3

Back 15

Editors, authors, writers, creators
description: those who add new content to the web.

Front 16

Tiers of users on the Web, #4

Back 16

Architects, webmasters, programmers, designers
Description: those who create the CMSes, add plugins, etc.

Front 17

Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)

Back 17

Providing variation in content, layout and presentation for Html.

Front 18

Inline

Back 18

useful, but not very scalable. Also doesn't break presentation from content.
Example:
<a style="font-size:10pt; color:purple;" href="http://illinois.edu">U of I</a>

Front 19

Embedded

Back 19

CSS lives in the header area of your Html file and applies to the whole document. Applied to all the tags with a particular element so you don't have to change them each time.
Example: a{font-size:10pt;
color:purple;}

Front 20

External/Imported

Back 20

Putting your CSS in another file that the browser will read. When it loads you Html, it will apply it like it's an embedded <style> section.
Example:
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"
href="text.css" />

Front 21

Positioning

Back 21

altering the general top-to-bottom, left-to-right linear "flow" of Html. People used to use the tables for this, but it's a bad practice and is largely replaced by CSS.

Front 22

Classes

Back 22

(.red):
-repeatable in a document
-can be assigned to single or multiple elements
-give context without directly applying the presentation.

Front 23

Semantic Web

Back 23

a web of data that can be processed directly and indirectly by machines.

Front 24

Divs

Back 24

-The tag defines a division or a section in an HTML document, used to group block-elements to format them with CSS.

Front 25

Universal Design

Back 25

idea that something is designed for the few but useful for the many. Beneficial for everyone. Solves the problem for someone but creates benefits for many more.
Example: corner ramps and traction in curbs, senior living spaces with larger bathrooms, etc.

Front 26

Usability

Back 26

a quality attribute that assesses how easy interfaces are to use. Also a science. Note: just because it's usable doesn't mean it's accessible. Not required for websites.
-designed, not happenstance.
-measurable.
Ex: Google spell-check

Front 27

5 Quality components of Usability

Back 27

1. learnability: how easy is it for users to accomplish basic tasks the first time they encounter the design?
2. Efficiency
3. Memorability
4. Errors (ex, red box saying "you forgot..")
5. Satisfaction: how pleasant is it to use the design.

Front 28

Utility

Back 28

refers to the design's functionability. If it's too hard to use or doesn't work, people won't use it. Equally important to usability.

Front 29

How to evaluate usability

Back 29

-don't listen to users, watch what they do and not what they say they do. Don't ask: observe.
-eyetracking, F-patterns, heatmaps.

Front 30

Accessibility

Back 30

making it possible for users at access, consume and interact with digital media while maintaining content, message and purpose. Required by websites.

Front 31

Things to think about regarding accessibility

Back 31

-visual impairments
-color blindness
-hearing impairments
-physical navigation of the site
-multimedia (videos, sound, etc)

Front 32

Information Retrieval

Back 32

-recovery of information
-matching words
-database index (keyword searching)
-traversing
-modern Internet search engines
IR is interdisciplinary

Front 33

Unstructured Data

Back 33

Information in a format that computer's can't really understand, ex: an apple.
-humans are great at identifying unstructured data.
-computers are very bad at identifying unstructured data.
-computers do have things like tags, IPhoto face recognition, barcodes and other ways of identifying unstructured data.

Front 34

Structured Data

Back 34

-opposite of unstructured data.
-Information that computers can easily understand, parse and use.
-humans have to work very hard to think about data in structured units.
-Ex: PHP code, MARC records

Front 35

Structure in Structure

Back 35

-very defined, distinct, descrete elements.
ex: databases, Boolean search.

Front 36

Structure in Unstructure

Back 36

ex: Google, Bing, reference librarian, clerk in store. the question is specific but the answer isn't.

Front 37

Unstructured in Structure

Back 37

-usually natural language processing, artifical intelligence. The question isn't specific but the answer is.
ex: library cataloging, indexers, cartographers, philosophers, maps, cataloging

Front 38

Unstructured in unstructured

Back 38

-not productive
-where we start, but structure must be added somewhere.
-when you don't know what your search is and don't know how to find it.

Front 39

How web search engines work

Back 39

-crawl the web and download html pages
-create an index of terms used in those pages
-indexes are very distributable
-algorithms "page rank"
-displays web pages by: "relevance" and "precision"

Front 40

Transcription

Back 40

the process of copying the dialogue and narration out of a comic and into a machine-readable and searchable form, like text.
-emphasis is on adding structure.

Front 41

open information extraction

Back 41

examines natural language text and tries to derive data about relationships between words.

Front 42

Functions of Databases

Back 42

-collect and store data
-update data
-organize and output data
-distribute data
-find data
-analyze data/data mining

Front 43

What are the components of Databases?

Back 43

Tables, fields/columns, records/rows

Front 44

containers for structured data

Back 44

spreadsheets and flat tiles

Front 45

characteristics of database technology/information retrieval technology

Back 45

-databases are NOT search engines
-search engines can use databases
-databases are structured
-IR technology turns unstructured into a structured database search.

Front 46

Database ACID model

Back 46

Atomicity
Consistency
Isolation
Durability

Front 47

Atomicity

Back 47

part of the Database ACID model: transactions either fully implemented or not at all. No partial transactions.

Front 48

Consistency

Back 48

part of the Database ACID model: database must always be in a consistent state or be able to be repaired back to one (extension of atomicity)

Front 49

Isolation

Back 49

part of the Database ACID model: 2 operations going on at the same time can't make database inconsistent

Front 50

Durability

Back 50

part of the Database ACID model: database protects against failure. Usually records activity in a "transaction log" before committing the operation as successful.

Front 51

Entity-Relationship Diagrams (ER Diagrams)

Back 51

-conceptual way to draw out the information your RDBMS (Relational Database Management
Systems) will hold
-drawing is a high level of understanding
-gets "normalized" (optimized) into database structure
-a "human" way to see how a database is structured

Front 52

Entities

Back 52

-boxes in the diagram
-typically, one can think of them as nouns

Front 53

Structured Query Language (SQL)

Back 53

-a programming language to interface with relational databases
-is an API and is implemented in many, many programming languages

Front 54

Extensible Markup Language (XML)

Back 54

-why it's different than HTML: XML is not a replacement for HTML. In most web applications, XML is used to transport data, while HTML is used to format and display the data.
-has no predefined tags: can use your own tags and rules instead
-Pros include very easy to write/parse/update, readable by humans and machines
-Cons include very wordy/larger file sizes, works for text only, not for images or other binary data, editing can be a pain.

Front 55

XSL, Style Sheets

Back 55

-like CSS, but for XML, not HTML.
-your browser can take XML/XSL and produce output just like it does for HTML/CSS.

Front 56

XSLT Transforms

Back 56

-Extension of XSL to change XML data into something else
-structured data to structured data
-useful for converting between metadata XML standards.

Front 57

Automation

Back 57

-lacks human element: robots
-dated term
-applied technology in the library

Front 58

Systems Librarian

Back 58

1) developing original applications; 2) troubleshooting; 3) software evaluation; 4) hardware/software monitoring, maintenance, and upgrading; 5) data protection; 6) staff training; 7) system documentation; and 8 ) negotiation and communication

Front 59

Evolution of Adopting Technology

Back 59

1. Replace (substitute the new technology for the old system)
2. Enlarge (how it could be extended to new services or functionality)
3. Realign (start looking for what's next)

Front 60

OPACs (Online Public Access Catalog)

Back 60

-enterprise software for the library
-computer version of the card catalog
-software that defines the business or allows it to function.

Front 61

Components of an OPAC

Back 61

-cataloging module (original cataloging or copy cataloging)
-acquistions/serials module (ordering, tracking, cataloging magazines
-circulation (checkouts, holds, recalls, overdue notices, fines, statistics)

Front 62

Electronic Library Resources include..

Back 62

-bibliographic utilities
-periodical reference tools
-full-text reference resources
-acquisition tools
-automated and meta-search software

Front 63

Bibliographic Utilities

Back 63

-copy cataloging
-OCLC

Front 64

Periodical Reference Tools

Back 64

-keyword search, references
-replaced paper indexes
examples include: ProQuest, Infotrac, EBSCO

Front 65

Full-Text Reference Resources

Back 65

-online journals
-ability to add multimedia aspects no present in print form

Front 66

Meta-search

Back 66

searching a large number of sources all at once.

Front 67

API (Application Program Interface)

Back 67

-documents and establishes ways for programs to interact with each other.
-example is SQL (Structured Query Language)

Front 68

LAMP (or LAMP Stack)

Back 68

first letters of the four components of a solution stack, composed entirely of free and open-source software, suitable for building high-availability heavy-duty dynamic web sites:
Linux
Apache (web server)
MySQL (database)
PHP (programming language)

Front 69

Web 2.0

Back 69

-User interactive (social):
Comments, personalization, co-presence, social
-Reusable (technical):
The web as an API: Flexibility, mobility,
mashups

Front 70

characteristics of Web 2.0

Back 70

all about data. interactive, apps, mobile

Front 71

differences between Web 1.0 and 2.0

Back 71

1.0: product, fixed end-result, finite lifecycle, passive/broadcast technology, single interface, solitary experience, known outcome.

2.0: platform, process, continuous, cyclical, interactive, many different access points, shared group experience, unknown outcome.

Front 72

AJAX

Back 72

Asynchronous Java Script and XML
-Asynchronous (no page reload necessary, ex: twitter feed)
-Java Script: in browser programming language that can alter the page and user experience on the fly.
-XML: structured way to share data between
webserver and easily parsed
Examples: Google Mail, Facebook

Front 73

Responsive Web Design

Back 73

"fluid" page design that adjusts the layout based on the screen size.

Front 74

App versus Web

Back 74

-websites can be designed for mobile
-websites almost as interactive as apps
-apps are just preferred

Front 75

Apps

Back 75

a self-contained program or piece of software designed to fulfill a particular purpose; an application, esp. as downloaded by a user to a mobile device.
-have become increasingly personal, but can't access certain data

Front 76

Mobile Web Apps

Back 76

Before: content/presentation (HTML/CSS)
Now: content/presentation/data

Raw structured data feeds that drive mobile apps

Front 77

Mashup

Back 77

-take 2 different things and combine them into 1 original new thing.
-websites that incorporate data from other websites
-apps that use data from multiple sources.
example: Crime Maps, Untappd

Front 78

Span

Back 78

-The tag is used to group inline-elements in a document, provides no visual change by itself, provides a way to add a hook to a part of a text or a part of a document.

Front 79

IDs

Back 79

-The selector is used to specify a style for a single, unique element.
-uses the id attribute of the HTML element, and is defined with a "#".