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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the three systems of social stratification? |
1) Estate systems 2) Caste systems 3) Class systems |
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What is the Estate System? |
Property ownership and power is monopolized by an elite group or aristocracy within an agricultural system. |
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What is the Caste system? |
Status is uniformly ascribed at birth and is rigid and immovable. Stratification is preserved through formal law and cultural practices. |
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What is the Class system? |
Status can change according to individual achievement where upward social mobility is not guaranteed but is possible. |
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What is social class? |
Structural position groups hold relative to the access they have to social resources |
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What are life chances? |
Max Weber said they were opportunities that people have in common by virtue of belonging to a particular class. |
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What are the four signs of economic restructuring? |
1. Decline of manufacturing 2. Technology transforms the economy 3. Globalizing the economy 4. Polarization of wealth |
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What are some things that go along with socioeconomic status? |
1. Income 2. Occupational prestige 3. Educational attainment |
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What is socialism? |
Everybody puts in the same amount (groups of people) and takes out the same. Equal access. |
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What is capitalism? |
Economic, social, and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state with an emphasis on controlling production and the pursuit of expanding property rights. |
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What are the four types of social classes? |
Bourgeoisie (capitalist class) Petty Bourgeoisie (managerial class) Proletariat (working class) Lumpenproletariat (discard class) |
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What is the false consciousness? |
When subordinate groups accept and internalize the world view of the dominant class, they exist in a state of false reality that blunts political resistance and continuing participation in the support of the status quo. |
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What are the layers of stratification in the CLASS system? |
1. Upper Class 2. Upper middle class 3. Middle class 4. Lower middle class. 5. Lower class 6. Urban underclass |
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What is the upper class? |
Elites that control the largest share of personal and corproate wealth, they are the 1%. Their wealth is usually generated by dynastic or generational affiliation, although some members are classified as the noveau riche. |
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What is the upper middle class? |
High incomes within the most prestigious professions. Job security and room for advancement. |
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What is the middle class? |
Still represents the majority of the population but is far more precarious than it once was. Hurt by economic restructuring. |
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What is the lower middle class? |
It's the WORKING CLASS. Lower, income bureaucratic workers and skilled laborers with less job security. |
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What is the lower class? |
Displaced and poor with little to no advanced education. The "Working Poor" whose wages fall below the poverty line. |
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What is the urban underclass? |
Considered to be permanently unemployed and unemployable. Chronically dependent on public assistance or criminal activities. |
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What is conspicuous consumption? |
The deliberate display of material wealth in order to define individual status. |
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What is meritocracy? |
System where status is based on one's own merit or accomplishments |
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What is the main structural cause of poverty? |
Diminished social support for the poor has been pointed at as a cause of poverty. |
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What are the three parts of the global system? |
1. Core Nations (power, wealth) 2. Semi-Peripheral Nations (trying to make the leap) 3. Peripheral Nations (outskirts, poverty) |
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What is the definition of power in the global context? |
The ability of a country to exercise control over another country or groups of countries. |
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What is the International Division of Labor? |
Racial inequality between nations has created an exploitation of cheap labor where a dependent workforce comprises mostly of "non-White" workers. |
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What is global outsourcing? |
When jobs are located overseas that support U.S. based businesses. |
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What is manifest function? |
The intended goals of an action. |
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What is latent function? |
The unintended consequences of an action. |
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What is absolute poverty? |
Living on less than $1 a day. |
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What is extreme poverty? |
Living on less than the equivalent of $1.25 per day. 1.4 billion people live in extreme poverty. |
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What is race? |
A socially constructed category - A group treated as distinct in society based on certain characteristics, some of which are biological, that have been assigned social importance. |
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What is an ethnic group? |
A social category of people who share a common culture...ethnic identity |
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What is racialization? |
Process by which a social category such as nationality or ethnicity takes on perceived racial characteristics. |
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What is racial formation? |
Process by which a group comes to be defined as a race and this definition is officially supported through social institutions. |
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What was the One Drop Rule? |
If you were anything less than 100% white, you were considered a minority. |
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What was the Three-Fifths Compromise? |
In terms of state representation, the North and South compromised that black slaves are 3/5 of a person. |
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What is "The Dominant Group?" |
The most powerful social group that assigns a racial or ethnic group to subordinate status. |
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What is "The Minority Group?" |
Any distinct social group that shares characteristics and is forced to occupy an oppressed status. |
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What are the 6 types of racism? |
1. Old Fashioned/Traditional Jim Crow Racism 2. Institutional Racism 3. Aversive Racism 4. Laissez-Faire/Symbolic Racism 5. Colorblind Racism 6. Modern Racism |
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What is Old Fashioned/Traditional Jim Crow Racism? |
Overt racism that is formally supported (Jim Crow) |
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What is institutional Racism? |
Racism embedded in existing social institutions and power hierarchy (racial profiling) |
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What is Aversive Racism? |
Covert, subconscious racism. Avoiding interaction. |
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What is Laissez-Faire/Symbolic Racism? |
Persistent stereotyping especially of African Americans. Blaming the minority for the gap in life chances and resisting any meaningful change in the form of policy. |
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What is Colorblind Racism? |
Ignore racial, ethnic, cultural differences and disparities and they will go away. |
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What is Modern Racism? |
Openly discredits legitimate claims of oppression. "Playing the race card." |
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What is the 13th amendment? |
Slaves were freed |
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What is the 14th amendment? |
Black people became citizens. |
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What is the 15th amendment? |
Black people can vote. |
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What are the black codes? |
Restrictions on jobs, land ownership, assembly rights, free movement, poll taxes, and grandfather clauses. |
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What are vagrancy laws? |
Freed slaves had no job or homes so they were arrested and made to do more slave work. |
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What is gender? |
The social expectations of behavior associated with men and women. |
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What is gender identity? |
An individuals understanding of self based on that person's social understanding of what it means to be a man or a woman...gender relativism. |
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What is gender socialization? |
The process by which gender expectations are passed from society to the individual. |
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What are the agents of gender socialization? |
Family, Media, Sports, School, Peers, and Religion |
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What are gender institutions? |
Total pattern of gender relationships embedded in existing social institutions. Institutions are stratified and structural. |
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What is biological determinism? |
A single biological condition determines an outcome. |
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What is biological reductionism? |
Complex social phenomena can be reduced to a biological cause. |
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What is homophobia? |
Pervasive fear and hatred of or being labeled homosexual. |
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What is a patriarchy? |
Cultural and institutionally structured system that grants men social privilege and power over women. The social system is male dominated, male centered, and male identified. |
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What is the human capital theory? |
It assumes that wage discrimination and gender segregation in a competitive economic system is reflective of the differences in human capital or worker's characteristics that are brought tot he job such as training, education, prior experiences, years of service, and work ethic. |
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What is the dual labor market theory? |
It analyzes the job market as being organized into primary and secondary spheres. The primary market houses the highest paid, highest valued jobs and is dominated by men. The secondary market houses the devalued jobs or contingent employment that is over-represented by women. |
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What is gender segregation? |
Patterns where groups of workers are separated into occupational categories based on gender. |
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What is overt and covert discrimination? |
Formal barriers have been removed, but covert mechanisms still exist. |
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What is feminism? |
A way of thinking and acting that promotes social justice for women. |
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What are the four types of feminism? |
1. Liberal Feminism 2. Socialist Feminism 3. Radical Feminism 4. Multi-Racial Feminism |
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What is Liberal Feminism? |
Emphasizes social and legal reform through policies designed to create equal opportunity for women. Gender socialization and cultural traditions are the root of inequality for women. Social institutions must be altered through legislative reform in order to secure equal treatment. |
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What is Socialist Feminism? |
Inspired by the work of Marx, women's oppression emerges from the class struggle, so advanced capitalism is the root of treatment. |
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What is Radical Feminism? |
Asserts that male power (patriarchy) is the source of women's oppression and the socialized notion that men literally control women's bodies. |
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What is Multi-Racial Feminism? |
Understanding gender oppression from a multi-racial and multi-cultural perspective with an emphasis on the interacting systems of social inequality. |
