Intro To Social Psychology Exam 2 - Part 2

Front 1

What are goals of prosocial behaviour?

Back 1

Gaining material benefits (e.g., reciprocal aid)
Gaining social status and approval
Managing self-image
Managing our moods and emotions

Making other people's lives better (because we care about other people's well-being)

Front 2

What is inclusive fitness?

Back 2

Ability of one's own gene's or one's relative's genes to<B> survive to their offspring</b>

Front 3

Reasons why people help?

Back 3

Situation is unambiguous
Loud, traumatic event
Clear-cut emergency (person under a bus)

Low personal risk, cost, time commitment

Local norm/conformity: help!

Front 4

Which people are more "helpful"?

Back 4

Highly empathetic
High in self-efficacy
High self-monitoring

Front 5

Who receives our help?

Back 5

<B>We help people more similar to us</b>

<B>In-group vs. Out-group</b>
More likely to help in-group members

<B>Levine et al. (2005): soccer fans more likely to help..</b>
A fan in same team jersey than a competing fan
A fan in any jersey than a non-fan

Front 6

What is promoting "in-ness"?

Back 6

<B>Moral exclusion</b>
Omitting or excluding certain people or groups from your moral concern

<B>Moral inclusion</b>
Applying your moral concern to people who are different from you (not excluding people/groups)

e.g., Person's day in Canada (October 18, 1929)

Front 7

What does research say about white and black people helping?

Back 7

Finding 1:
White people: help White people more
Black people: help White & Black equally
(e.g., West, Whitney, & Schnedler, 1975)

Finding 2: Saucier, Miller & Doucet (2005)
Reviewed 43 studies (1970-onwards)
If there is an available excuse for not helping:
White people help Black people less
No change over time

No, in-group bias cannot explain helping bias.

Front 8

What is aggression?

Back 8

Behaviour intended to hurt or injure another
Physically or psychologically

Front 9

What are components of aggression?

Back 9

<B>Behaviour</b> (doing actions or withholding actions)

<B>Intention is to hurt</b> (even if it is for larger good)
Not accidental
Not a by-product of helping

The affected entity is <B>motivated to avoid the hurt </b>

Front 10

What is hostile aggression?

Back 10

Aggression <B>driven by anger</b>
Aimed directly at <B>inflicting pain</B>

Front 11

What is instrumental aggression?

Back 11

Aggression <B>driven by diverse motives</b>
Aimed at some goal <I>other</I> than inflicting pain

Front 12

What is the Buss paradigm?

Back 12

Similar to Milgram's set-up
Participants come into lab
Experience “incidental conditions”
How large a shock do they give another?

Front 13

What types of physical discomforts cause aggression?

Back 13

Pain
Bad smells
Heat

Front 14

What effects does alcohol have on aggression?

Back 14

Alcohol:
Lowers inhibitions
Narrow focus
Reduce self-awareness

Promotes larger response to anger (MacDonald, et al., 2000)
Increases aggression responses of less aggressive people (Pihil et al., 1997)

Front 15

What are influences on aggression?

Back 15

Biological
Situational
Cultural

Front 16

What are biological influences on aggression?

Back 16

<b>Physiological</b>: brain anatomy (amygdala)
Response affected by situation
e.g. it's really hot in a room-> you punch the wall because you're angry

<b>Species predisposition/natural drive</b>
Influenced by context/experience
Cat & rat as friends (Kuo, 1961)
e.g. aggressive when handling an animal because you think humans are better

<b>Genes + maltreatment </b>(interaction)
e.g. your parents hit you->you hit your kids

<b>Testosterone positively correlated with aggression</b>
Review-- 45 studies (Brook, Starzyk, & Quinsey, 2001)
Average correlation is 0.14 (r2=0.0196... &lt;2%)

Front 17

When does testosterone drop in men?

Back 17

After the birth of a child

Front 18

What are cultural differences in aggression?

Back 18

Some cultures more aggressive
Changes with cultural intervention
e.g., Iroquois and European colonists

Front 19

More aggression in cultures of _______.

Back 19

<U>honour</u>

Man on man AND man on woman violence
Subcultures (e.g., London bar bouncers, Wells, Graham & West, 1998)
More prevalent in places like Southern US, Mediterranean, Latin American, Middle East

Front 20

Agression - what is the drive theory?

Back 20

Aggression as a drive-- <B>gets used up</b>
Like hunger (no longer hungry after eating)
Catharsis:
Expression of emotion purges that emotion
Prediction: catharsis will decrease aggression
In reality... the opposite is true
Recall: attitudes and behaviours
Doing and saying something encourages it

Front 21

What is the frustration-aggression theory?

Back 21

<b>Frustration</b>:
Perception that one is being blocked from achieving one's goal

<b>Displacement</b>:
Redirection of aggression to a safer target

<b>Frustration-Aggression Theory</b>:
Frustration leads to aggression


If a man is disrespected and humiliated at his work, but cannot respond to this for fear of losing his job, he may go home and take his anger and frustration out on his family. This theory is also used to explain riots and revolutions.

Front 22

What is relative deprivation?

Back 22

Sense of being less well-off compared to others

you feel deprived

Front 23

What are aggressive cues?

Back 23

Objects or people that increase aggression (e.g., guns, Berkowitz & LePage, 1967)

Front 24

What is the social learning theory?

Back 24

Aggression rewarded in the past
Instrumental aggression

Social Learning: learn aggression by observing it (with rewards and punishments for acting out)
Bandura and the bobo doll

Front 25

What does violence in the media have to do with aggression?

Back 25

<B>Social-learning theory</b>: violence modelled
Many prisoners report doing what they saw on TV

<B>Correlational findings</b>:
Childhood and adolescent exposure to violent TV correlates with later severe adult violence

<B>Experimental findings</b>:
Exposing children or adults to violent TV in the lab leads to more short-term observed aggression
e.g., Zillmann & Weaver, 1999

Front 26

How does media affect aggression?

Back 26

Desensitisation
Social scripts
Altered perceptions about how much aggression is normal
Cognitive priming

Front 27

What were the research findings of playing violent video games?

Back 27

Long-term correlational research similar to TV
Playing video games in the lab leads to short-term increases in aggression
Thinking (Bushman & Anderson, 2002)
Feeling (Bartlett et al., 2009)
Behaviour (Bartholow et al., 2005)
Playing video games negatively correlated with prosocial behaviour (Sheese & Graziano, 2005

Front 28

What were the research findings of pornography and violence?

Back 28

Exposure to pornography increases rape-myth acceptance (e.g., Kaholr & Morrison, 2007)
Exposure to sexual aggression in media increases aggression to women (e.g., Donnerstein, 1980)
Correlational findings with sexual perpetrators
No impact of seeing non-victimised naked women

Front 29

What is IPV?

Back 29

intimate partner violence

Front 30

What differentiates IPV from other forms of interpersonal violence?

Back 30

The centrality of coercive control