Intro To Psychology Exam 2

Front 1

Insight

Back 1

Forms of cognitive change that involves recognition of previously unseen relationships.

Front 2

Shaping/Successive Approximations

Back 2

Strategy of positively reinforcing behaviors that are successively more similar to desired behavior.

Front 3

Fixed Interval Schedule

Back 3

Reinforcement schedule where the reinforcer is given following the first response occurring after a predetermined period of time.

Front 4

Premack Principle

Back 4

More probably behaviors will reinforce less probable behaviors.

Front 5

Ego

Back 5

Acts as manager, trying to satisfy needs of Id in accordance with what is realistic and moral. Works according to the reality principle. Keeps Id in check. Delays gratification.

Front 6

Novel Stimulation

Back 6

New or changed experiences

Front 7

Avoidance Goals

Back 7

Doing something to avoid something else happening: student is motivated to work hard to avoid getting bad grades and looking stupid to others.

Front 8

Unconditioned Response

Back 8

Unlearned, inborn reaction to an unconditioned stimulus.

Front 9

Conditioned Response

Back 9

Response that is similar or identical to the unconditioned response that comes to be elicited by a conditioned stimulus.

Front 10

Memory Retrieval

Back 10

Memory is recalled

behavioral response is performed.

Front 11

Avoidance Conditioning/Learned helplessness.

Back 11

Operant conditioning where the behavior is reinforced because it prevents something negative from happening (a form of negative reinforcement)

Front 12

General Effects of Psychotropic Drugs

Back 12

Alter mood, Alter Energy Levels, Produces hallucinations.

Front 13

Schacheter and Singer (1962)

Back 13

Impact of Social Context

Front 14

Variable Interval Schedule

Back 14

Reinforcement Schedule where the reinforcer is given following the first response occurring after a variable amount of time.

Front 15

Catharsis

Back 15

The process of releasing instinctual energy.

Front 16

Extrinsic Motives

Back 16

Human motives activated by external rewards

Front 17

Episodic Memory

Back 17

Memory for specific experiences that can be defined in terms of time and space.

Front 18

Intrinsic Motivation

Back 18

Human motives stimulated by the inherent nature of the activity and of its natural consequences.

Front 19

Primary Motives

Back 19

Biological Needs. Human motives for things that are necessary for survival such as food, water, warmth, sex, etc.

Front 20

Secondary Reinforcers

Back 20

Learned positive reinforcers.

Front 21

Vicarious Reinforcement

Back 21

Observed Reinforcement of the behavior of a model which also increases the probability of the same behavior in the observer.

Front 22

Spontaneous Recovery

Back 22

Temporary increase in the strength of a conditioned response which is likely to occur during extinction after the passage of time.

Front 23

Positive Reinforcement

Back 23

Any consequence of behavior that leads to an increase in the probability of its occurrence.

Front 24

Drug Tolerance

Back 24

Smaller effects if taken repeatedly.

Front 25

Dreaming Psycodynimic (Freud)

Back 25

Dreams are an important way our unconscious minds talk to us.

Freud: Manifest Content: story of the dream.
Latent Content: Important hidden meaning.

Front 26

Ecstasy (MDMA)

Back 26

Hallucinogenic and amphetamine like properties. Effects: Elevated mood, energy, closeness, and sensual and perceptual sensitivity. Release of Serotonin and Dopamine from Synaptic Terminals.

Front 27

'Shrooms

Back 27

Works on pathways for neurotransmitters for serotonin. Effects: euphoria and hallucinations.

Front 28

LSD (Acid)

Back 28

Works on pathways for serotonin. Effects: Euphoria, sense of well-being, some perceptual distortion.

Front 29

Psychological Perspectives on Dreams

Back 29

Hobson. Brain activity of REM sleep is important in memory formation. Images of random, brain puts together to make a story.

Front 30

Meditation

Back 30

Methods of relaxation through clearing one's mind and focusing on basic bodily processes like breathing.

Front 31

Superego

Back 31

Ideals, morals, conscience. Often in conflict with Id.

Front 32

Categories of Psychotropic Drugs.

Back 32

Stimulants, Depressants, and Hallucinogens.

Front 33

Operant Conditioning (B.F. Skinner 1904-1990)

Back 33

Learning in which the consequences of behavior lead to changes in the probability of its occurrence.

Front 34

Why sleep?

Back 34

Mental restoration, keep away from harm, aid immune system, helps consolidate memories.

Front 35

Cognitive Dream Perspective

Back 35

Day Residue. Dreams may be important, but no hidden meaning. They are an extension of thoughts or wishes from the day. Dreams are a product of day neurons firing at night.

Front 36

Mindfulness

Back 36

Focusing completely on the present moment.

Front 37

Modeling

Back 37

learning based on observation of the behavior of another.

Front 38

Extinction

Back 38

Process of unlearning a learned response because of the removal of the original source of learning.

Front 39

Social Learning Theory

Back 39

Must see or experience its success to become aggressive

Front 40

Cannon-Bard Theory

Back 40

Simultaneous body and emotional reaction. Conscious emotional experiences and physiological reactions and behavior are relatively independent events.

Front 41

Id

Back 41

Instinct sexual or aggressive energy. Works according to pleasure principle. Irrational, selfish.

Front 42

Memory Encoding

Back 42

When info is first learned, organizing it and getting it into the mind.

Front 43

Variable ratio schedule

Back 43

Reinforcement schedule where the reinforcer is given after a varying number of responses have been made.

Front 44

James-Lang Theory

Back 44

Behavior by emotion.

Front 45

Yerkes-Dodson Law

Back 45

Effective Performance is more likely if the level of arousal is suitable for the activity.

Front 46

Insomnia

Back 46

Sleep disorder in which the person has difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep.

Front 47

Fragile Memory

Back 47

Memories are reconstructed, not straight recall.

Front 48

Stimulus Discrimination

Back 48

Tendency for responses to occur more often in the presence of one stimulus than others.

Front 49

REM

Back 49

Rapid Eye Movement. Frequency is up, amplitude is down. Much like awake. Muscles are paralyzed.

Front 50

Stimulus Generalization

Back 50

Tendency for similar stimuli to elicit the same response.

Front 51

EEG activity

Back 51

Graphically record brain-wave activity through electrodes on the scalp and forehead.

Front 52

Stages 3 and 4 of sleep

Back 52

"Deep Sleep" Amplitude is up and Frequency is down.

Front 53

Partial Reinforcement Effect

Back 53

Responses that have been reinforced on variable ratio or variable interval schedules are more difficult to extinguish than responses that have been continually reinforced.

Front 54

Memory Storage

Back 54

Memories put into long term memory

Front 55

Fixed Ratio Schedule

Back 55

Reinforcement schedule in which the reinforcer is given only after a specific number of responses.

Front 56

Achievement Motivation

Back 56

Psychological need in humans for success

Front 57

Adderall

Back 57

Stimulate Dopamine pathways. Effects: Increased heartrate, Increased wakefulness, decreased appetite.

Front 58

Retroactive Interference

Back 58

Interference created by memories from later learning.

Front 59

Classical Conditioning

Back 59

Form of learning where a previously neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response that is identical to the unconditioned response

Front 60

Role of Retina

Back 60

Images are formed

Front 61

Approach Goals

Back 61

Motivated to work hard to get better grades to gain the respect of other students.

Front 62

Decay Theory

Back 62

The theory that forgetting occurs as memory trace fades over time.

Front 63

Primary Reinforcers

Back 63

Innate positive reinforcers that do not have to be acquired through learning.

Front 64

Negative reinforcement

Back 64

Reinforcement that occurs when the behavior is followed by the removal or the avoidance of a negative event and the probability that the behavior will occur in the future as a result.

Front 65

Procedural memories

Back 65

Memory for motor movements and skills.

Front 66

Methamphetamine

Back 66

Stimulate dopamine pathways and pathways for epinephrine and norepinephrine. Pleasurable high, wakefulness, increased physical activity, increased heart rate and respiration, decreased appetite.

Front 67

Counter conditioning

Back 67

Process of eliminating a classically conditioned response by pairing the conditioned stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus for a response that is stronger that the conditioned response and that can't occur at the same time as the conditioned response.

Front 68

Semantic Memory

Back 68

Memory for meaning without reference to the time and place of learning.

Front 69

Psychological Motives

Back 69

Motives related to the individuals happiness and well-being but not to survival.

Front 70

Proactive Interference

Back 70

Interference created by memories from prior learning.

Front 71

Cognitive Theory

Back 71

Impact of social context. Key factor in emotions.

Front 72

Stage 2 Sleep

Back 72

In between 1 and 3&4.

Front 73

Stage 1 Sleep

Back 73

Almost same as awake. Increased frequency and decreased amplitude.

Front 74

Cocktail party phenomenon

Back 74

ability to split attention between a foreground conversation and a background one, and even remember aspects of the background conversation you're not listening to.

Front 75

Vicarious Punishment

Back 75

Observed punishment of the behavior or a model which also decreased the probability of the same behavior in the observer.

Front 76

Sleep Apnea

Back 76

Sudden interruption of breathing during sleep.

Front 77

Declarative Memory

Back 77

Semantic and Episodic Memory

Front 78

Conditioned stimulus

Back 78

Stimulus that comes to elicit responses as a result of being paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

Front 79

Unconditioned Stimulus

Back 79

Stimulus that can elicit a response without learning.