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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Karl Marx |
-felt capitalism would become the dominant global economic system -capitalism would create rich capitalists and poor workers -workers of the world would unite, instead of fighting each other in wars, they will unite against capitalists, collectively own the factories, and create a communist utopia. |
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Emile Durkheim |
-Was the 1st major functionalist sociologist (felt markets & occupational hierarchies and many other aspects of society are functional -Disagreed with Marx's view that a society of total freedom, and complete equality was possible *humans have a tendency to break rules, harming ourselves & others -Total freedom would lead to chaos and misery -Felt capitalism produced an immoral society -people no longer felt connected to a moral society (weak norms) -human tendency towards order would correct problem workers & capitalists would create a moral society together |
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Sociology vs. Psychology |
-DURKHEIM distinguished sociology from psychology *sociology is concerned with social facts (the norms and structures of society) |
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Suicide |
-DURKHEIM demonstrated that suicide is affected by social facts -the anomic (those not well integrated into society) more likely commit suicide *those single, unemployed, not part of a strong religious community, etc. |
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Weber |
-Argued with the ghost of Karl Marx, who said that growing inequality under capitalism makes the socialist revolution inevitable -Cutlute (religion, political ideologies, non-economic values) affect social behavior and human societies -- not just just economy/material conditions -Thus, inequality under capitalism does not make revolution inevitable -And even if there were a socialist revolution, things might not be better *We have a bureaucratic work culture (hierarchy, rules, efficiency) *If workers took over the factories (Socialism), they would create bureaucracies/inequalities |
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Commonalities of Marx, Durkheim, & Weber |
-All observed that industrialism and capitalism caused great wealth, but also created an urban woking class that lived in poverty and misery |
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Weber's Typology of Motives for Action |
-Instrumental rationality: behavior oriented towards gaining or achieving some specific reward -Value rationality: Behavior guided by a belief in some ultimate value, regardless of rewards -Affectual motives: Action that is guided by positive or negative emotions -Traditional motives: action guided by a belief in following established traditions |
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Talcott Parson's Functionalist Perspective |
3 Key Legs 1. Enduring features of society can ultimately be explained in terms of their "functional" purpose (e.g: gender is functional, economic inequality is functional) |
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Dahrendorf's Conflict Theory |
-Social behavior is best understood in terms of conflict or tension between dominant & subordinate groups *society doesn't work work very well for subordinate groups (e.g., blacks, gays, poor people, workers, women, immigrants) *This produces conflict and instability -eventually, sub groups tend to resist & struggle with dom groups |
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Sociology & it's main focus |
-the study of the social -seeing whether, and to what extent societies have created INEQUALITIES (for example: class, race, gender) |
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Social Context |
-refers to the social circumstances that form the setting for individual behavior *sociology involves the study of social contexts, and how these contexts influence individuals |
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Sociological Imagination |
-C. Wright Mills (early 1960s) -The ability to imagine the connection between the problems of individuals and their social contexts *developing our sociological imaginations can turn private troubles into national public issues (according to Mills) |
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Surveys |
-use when: you wnat to study htought patterns (e.g., opinoions, beliefs, values) among large groups of people |
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Interviews |
use when: you want to understand thought patterns in more depth, or if you want to understand thought processes that lead to certain opinions or behaviors |
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Ethnographic research |
use when: you want to study how people interact, rather than they say they interact *doesn't allow people to convey much about opinions or motivation, therefore it is generally combined with interviews |
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Experiments |
-rarely used -create artificial situations to watch how people respond |
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Historic research |
-study records and documents to understand how people, places, or things worked in the past *occasionally done in sociology |
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Types of research methods used in Sociology |
-surveys -interviews -ethnographic research -experiments -historical research |
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What role do values play in sociological research? |
-they can help to determine what topic a sociologist should study -they also determine how to conduct studies and research ethically |
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Independent variable vs. Dependent variable |
Independent: cause Dependent: effect
Ex: And increase in the level of inequality (independent) in society leads to an increase in the crime rate (dependent). |
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Cooley's view regarding the self |
-"The Looking Glass Self" -The original, and simplest sociological view of the self -His assumption: Looking for approval is a motivational, fundamental human instinct -His fundamental proposition: We develop a view of self out of out impressions of how others perceive us (social mirror) |
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Mead's view regarding the self |
-More complex than Cooley -The self begins as privileged, central position in a person's world (you see yourself as the center of the universe) *As person matures, the self changes and begins to reflect greater concern about reactions or others |
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Goffman's Interactionist approach |
-Dramaturgical - "The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life" -"Putting on and act" involves and individual slanting his or her presentation in response too the judgement of other actors -Shakespeare - "All the world's a stage." |
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Impression Management |
-skills to give the right impression to different audiences *if audience is mixed we may get role strain *we are saved from role strain mostly by audience segregation -can be sincere: person truly believes image she/he is projecting -can be cynical: person thinks she/he is deceptive (can be selfish [car salesman] or benevolent [doctor]) **backstage & front stage |
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Inattention |
Goffman: "dimming the lights" Simmel: "inattention, especially in dense places, makes social life possible" |
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Thomas Wells Brignall III & Thomas Van Valey (authors of the article on 'the internet' discussed in class), suggested that? |
-"with computer mediated communications, it is possible that none of the cues that Goffman wrote about may be present during online comm" -"the absence of social & contextual cues undermines the perception of leadership, status, and power, and leads to reduced impact of social norms and therefore to deregulated, anti-normative behavior"
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What do enthnomethodologists study? |
-a sub-branch of interactionism -studies the methods people use to appear socially competent, and sustain orderly social interactions *the may create the illusion of a shared social order even when they don't understand each other fully and in fact have different POVs
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Explain Michael Foucault's view of power: |
-viewed power as everywhere in ourday to day lives -we all engage in discussions about what's acceptable, what's cool, what's sexy, etc. -based on these discussions, we police each other's behavior |
