Intro To Psych Exam 2

Front 1

circadian rhythm

Back 1

-24 hour biological clock, continue even w/o external cues (light)
- body temperature, secretion of growth hormones, sleep and wakefulness

Front 2

stage 1 sleep/theta waves

Back 2

transitional stage of light sleep (1-7) min, hypnic jerks

Front 3

What stage hypnic jerks

Back 3

stage 1

Front 4

stage 2 sleep/alpha waves

Back 4

sleep spindles, continued decline of breathing and heart rate, muscle tension and body temperature (10-25 min)

Front 5

Stage 3 & 4 sleep/delta waves

Back 5

high amplitude low frequency delta waves, deep sleep, 30 minutes

Front 6

REM sleep (replaces stage 1)

Back 6

rapid and choppy brain waves, increased heart rate, rapid and irregular breathing, darting eye movement, sexual arousal, paralysis of body, DREAMS

Front 7

How many hours of dreams per n ight

Back 7

1.5-2

Front 8

night terrors

Back 8

stage 4 sleep, screaming

Front 9

nightmares

Back 9

REM sleep, dreaming, traumatic experiences

Front 10

sleep walking (what stage)

Back 10

stage 3

Front 11

reticular formation

Back 11

brain structure important to sleep and wakefulness, in the core of the brainstem

Front 12

sleep deprivation

Back 12

sleep debt is created, does not go away

Front 13

sleep debt

Back 13

impairment in attention, reaction time, motor coordination, decision making, memory, immune system functioning

Front 14

latent content (of a dream)

Back 14

hidden meaning of events in dream

Front 15

manifest content (of a dream)

Back 15

surface story of a dream

Front 16

cognitive-problem solving view of dreaming

Back 16

dreams allow creative thinking not constrained by logic

Front 17

Activation-Synthesis model of dreaming

Back 17

dreams are side effects of neural activity

cortex constructs a dream to make sense out of seemingly unconnected signals

Front 18

Freudian view of dreaming

Back 18

wish-fulfillment

Front 19

stimulants

Back 19

drugs that increase CNS activity and behavioral activity

produce euphoria and alertness, due to elevated activity in dopamine circuits

Front 20

amphetamines

Back 20

increase release of dopamine and norepinephrine into synapses & interfere w/ reuptake

Front 21

alcohol withdrawal

Back 21

can produce fever, chills, tremors, convulsions, vomiting, cramps, diarrhea and severe aches and pains

Front 22

classical conditioning

Back 22

Pavlov-- associate two stimuli

Front 23

operant conditioning

Back 23

Skinner-- associate a response and its consequences

Front 24

neutral stimulus

Back 24

elicits no reaction (CC)

Front 25

acquisition (CC & OC)

Back 25

initial stage of learning where associations between stimuli (CS & UCS) are formed.

Front 26

extinction (CC & OC)

Back 26

when CS is presented many times without the UCS, CR response occurs less and less

Front 27

generalization (CC & OC)

Back 27

occus when an organism responds to new stimuli besides the original stimulus

Front 28

discrimination (CC & OC)

Back 28

organism doesn't respond to other stimuli that resemble original stimulus

Front 29

primary reinforcer

Back 29

events that are reinforcing b/c satisfy biological needs

Front 30

secondary reinforcer

Back 30

events become reinforcing by being associated w/ primary reinforcers

Front 31

high-order conditioning

Back 31

conditioned stimulus functions as if it were an unconditioned stimulus

dog--> meat w/ tone, just tone, tone w/ green light

CC does not depend on presence of genuine, natural UCS

Front 32

shaping

Back 32

acquisition of operant response through reinforcing close and closer approximations of desired response.

Front 33

learned helplessness

Back 33

passive behavior procused by exposure to unavoidable aversive events

Front 34

instinctive drift

Back 34

tendency of animals innate responses to interfere w/ conditioning

Front 35

observational learning

Back 35

organisms responding is influenced by observation of others- MODELS

Front 36

latent learning

Back 36

learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs

Front 37

Bandura , Ross & Ross study

Back 37

observational learning-- can be just as effective as CC or OC

nursery school kidsviolence on tv-- observers more likely to imitate another's behavior when it leads to positive consequences rather than negative

media violence-- makes kids more prone to aggressive behavior

Front 38

what does the strength of the CR depend on?

Back 38

the percentage of trials in which the CS and UCS are paired

Front 39

classical conditioning vs. operant conditioning

Back 39

classical-- reflexive, involuntary responses, stimulus precedes

operant-- voluntary responses, come to be controlled by their consquences

NOT ABSOLUTE DISTINCTION, JOINTLY AND INTERACTIVELY GOVERN SOME ASPECTS OF BEHAVIOR

Front 40

avoidance learning

Back 40

organism aquires response tat prevents some aversive stimulation from occuring

light coming on before shock, rat runs at light

Front 41

escape learning

Back 41

organism acquires a response that decreases or ends some aversive stimulation

rat leaves shock floor for non shock floor

Front 42

sensory memory

Back 42

preserves information in its original form for a very brief time

very large capacity

Front 43

cued recall

Back 43

multiple choice test

Front 44

free recall

Back 44

open ended question

Front 45

flashbulb memory

Back 45

memory for an emotional, surprising event-- feel very vivid and accurate but are no more accurate than everyday memories

Front 46

dual-coding theory

Back 46

Paivio) memory is enhanced by forming semantic and visual codes since either can lead to recall

Front 47

self-referent encoding

Back 47

deciding how or whether information to remember is personally relevant

Front 48

chunking

Back 48

grouping single units as familiar stimuli

FB INB CC IAIB M -->

RBI NBC CIA IBM

Front 49

retrieval cues

Back 49

retrieving memories in terms of context

Front 50

transfer appropriate processing

Back 50

emphasize the importance of match between encoding and retrieval processes

(match study and test conditions)

Front 51

semantic network

Back 51

nodes representing concepts, joined together by pathways that link related concepts

Front 52

method of loci

Back 52

taking an imaginary walk along a familiar path where images of items to be remembered are associated with certain locations

Front 53

ineffective encoding

Back 53

information may have never been inserted in memory, can't forget something haven't learned-- pseudoforgetting

Front 54

decay

Back 54

forgetting occurs because memory traces fade with time

Front 55

proactive interference

Back 55

previous/old information interferes with retention of new information

Front 56

retroactive interference

Back 56

recent information interferes with retention of old information

Front 57

serial position effect

Back 57

subjects show better recall for items at the beginning and end of a list than for items in the middle

Front 58

misinformation effect

Back 58

memory for an event is altered by misleading POST-EVENT information

kidnapping case in video

Front 59

Roediger & McDermott

Back 59

paradigm for memory illusion (sleep list)

subjects recall non-presented target word 50% of the time

recognition test-- recognized non-presented target word 80% of the time

Front 60

key player in memory processes

Back 60

hippocampal

Front 61

medial temporal lobe memory system

Back 61

may be responsible for consolidation of memoriesde

Front 62

declarative memory

Back 62

memory for facts and information, contains episodic and semantic memory

Front 63

non-declarative memory

Back 63

memory for actions, skills and conditioned responses

Front 64

episodic memory

Back 64

dated recollections of personal experiences

Front 65

semantic memory

Back 65

non-dated recollections of general facts

Front 66

schema

Back 66

organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object or event abstracted from previous experience with the object or event

Front 67

cryptamnesia

Back 67

inadvertent plagiarism when people come up with an idea they think is their own, but they actually heard it somewhere else before

Front 68

retrograde amnesia

Back 68

loss of memories for events that occurred prior to the onset of amnesia

Front 69

anterograde amnesia

Back 69

loss of memories for events that occur after the onset of amnesia

Front 70

memory improvement techniques (encoding)

Back 70

D--istributed space practice
I-- interference minimized
G-- generation effect

I-- imagery (visual)
T-- testing yourself

M--mneumonics
O-- organize
O-- overlearn
R-- relate to self
E-- elaboration

Front 71

TECHNIQUES FOR MAXIMIZING MEMORY RETRIEVAL

Back 71

Macs-- MATCH STUDY AND TEST CONDITIONS

Red-- RETRIEVAL CUES

Car-- CONTEXT

Front 72

generation effect

Back 72

create your own study materials to enhance encoding

Front 73

conditioned taste aversion

biological constraint on learning

Back 73

if we become ill, more quickly to develop aversions to taste/odor, NOT sights or sounds associated w/ food

Front 74

what is largely responsible for regulating circadian rhythm?

Back 74

exposure to light

Front 75

what kind of waves are in sleep stages 1-2?

Back 75

theta waves

Front 76

what kind of waves are in sleep stages 3-5?

Back 76

delta waves

Front 77

what kind of waves during waking?

Back 77

beta

Front 78

short term vs. working memory

Back 78

short term-- based on storage and rehearsal

long term-- based on storage, active processing and possible manipulation

Front 79

three types of retrieval and examples

Back 79

recognition-- multiple choice

cued recall-- fill in the blank

free recall-- open ended

Front 80

3 ways to forget

Back 80

--inefficient encoding
--interference (proactive and retrograde)
--displacement

Front 81

Why is the sleep of an alcoholic not refreshing?

Back 81

Because they spend less time in REM sleep