Intro To Psych Exam #1

Front 1

Behaviorism

Back 1

-views observable, measurable behavior as subject matter; emphasizes key role of environment as a determinant of behavior
-founded by John B. Watson & influenced by B.F. Skinner

Front 2

opperant conditioning

Back 2

-awarded for behavior
-if punished for behavior, will do it less frequently
-might keep doing what they're punished for if they want attention, so punishment will become their reward if they want attention

Front 3

classical conditioning

Back 3

-two things that are associated
*noon time and lunch, night time and sleep

Front 4

pyschoanalysis

Back 4

-individual thoughts, feelings, & behavior are determined primarily by the unconscious mind
-theory developed by Freud
-ex. abused as child, will stay away from people
-can overcome unconscious mind

Front 5

humanistic psychology

Back 5

-focuses on uniqueness of human beings & their capacity for choice, growth, & psychological health
-early humanist: Abraham Maslow & Cark Rogers
-counselors are empathetic
-appreciate perspectives & diversity

Front 6

cognitive psychology

Back 6

-sees humans as active participants in their environments
-studies mental processes
-derived from two streams of thought
*info processing psychology

Front 7

process of decision making

Back 7

1) external outputs (options)
2)selective attention and perception
3)formation of internal response
4)decision making
5)action

Front 8

evolutionary psychology

Back 8

-human behaviors required for survival have adapted in environmental pressures over long course of evolution
-Darwin's theory of natural selection
-focuses on universals

Front 9

biological psychology

Back 9

-specific behaviors links with biologic processes that help to explain individual differences
-fall under neuroscience

Front 10

sociocultural psychology

Back 10

-social and cultural influences as human behavior
-factors must be understood when interpreting the behaviors of others
-studied w/in the context of a systems perspective
-ex. social interactions, how we were parented, religion, family size, etc.

Front 11

by-stander effect

Back 11

-witnesses who watch but don't do anything
-the larger the group, the less likely they are too do anything

Front 12

naturalistic observations pros & cons

Back 12

Pros
-behavior studied in every day setting is more natural
Cons
-little or no control over conditions
-observer bias

Front 13

laboratory observations pros & cons

Back 13

Pros
-allows researchers to exert more control, use more precise equipment to measure response
Cons
-observations may not generalize/apply to real world
-can be expensive

Front 14

participant obsesrvation

Back 14

-observer joins the participants
-like seeing how many fights there are at dinner

Front 15

the case study pros & cons

Back 15

Pros
-appropriate for studying w/ rare psychological disorders or brain injuries
Cons
-doesn't establish cause of behavior
-subject to observer bias
-may not generalize to larger groups or different cultures

Front 16

survey research

Back 16

-useful surveys must involve a sample that is representative of the population to which the results will be applied
-survey of at least 120 people

Front 17

survey research pros & cons

Back 17

Pros
-can provide highly active info if conducted properly
-can track changes in attitudes or behavior over time
Cons
-can be costly & time-consuming
-may not obtain accurate info from responders

Front 18

the correlation method

Back 18

-establishes the degree of relationship between two characteristics or behavior
-scatterplots can be used
-inverse relationships are negative
-ex. positive relationship education=money, money=education
-ex. negative relationship smoking=bad health

Front 19

the correlation method pros & cons

Back 19

Pros
-can make predictions
-can be useful when ethical reasons prevent using more direct methods & in situations where variables can't be manipulated
-can be done quickly
Cons
-doesn't prove a cause-effect relationship (could be more factors)

Front 20

the experimental method

Back 20

-only research method that can be used to identify cause-effect relationships between two or more conditions or variables
-independent & dependent variable (ex. type of dog & fear level)
-experimental & control groups

Front 21

the experimental method cons

Back 21

-unnatural setting may mean findings aren't applicable in real world
*could be unethical or impossible
*confounding variables
~selection bias
~placebo effect
-experimenter bias: double-blind technique

Front 22

quasi-experimental research

Back 22

-no random assignment
*how some factor affects two different towns
*get demographic
-can't control the independent variable
-no control group

Front 23

types of quasi-experimental research

Back 23

1) non-equivalent groups design
*pre- & post-test
2) times series experiment (not much time)
*no pre- or post-test
3) equivalent time samples
-variable
-on again off again
-sometimes the best you can do

Front 24

frequency distrbution

Back 24

graphic representation of statistics

Front 25

mean, median, & mode

Back 25

-mean: average
-median: value in the middle
-mode: most frequent number

Front 26

types of neurons

Back 26

-motor neurons: movement & speech
-sensory neurons: sense
-interneurons: connections

Front 27

parts of neurons

Back 27

-cell body (soma)
-dendrites
-axon
-axon terminals
-myelin sheath (insulation around axon), important for movement (hops through sheath for faster movement)
goes from dendrites to axon terminals

Front 28

glial cells

Back 28

-specialized cells in brain & spinal cord
-support neurons
-remove waste products
-manufacturing, nourishing, & clean up tasks

Front 29

names of neurotransmitters

Back 29

-serotonin
-dopamine
-acetylcholine
-epinephrine
-norepinephrin
-GABA
-glutamine

Front 30

serotonin

Back 30

affects mood, sleep, impulsivity, aggression, & appetite

Front 31

dopamine

Back 31

affects learning, attention, movement, reinforcement, pleasure, thought, & modd

Front 32

acetylcholine

Back 32

affects movement, learning, memory, & REM sleep

Front 33

epinephrine

Back 33

affects metabolism of glucose, energy release during exercise

Front 34

norepinephrine

Back 34

affects eating, alertness, & wakefulness

Front 35

GABA

Back 35

facilitates neural inhibition in the central nervous system

Front 36

glutamine

Back 36

active in areas of brain involved in learning, thought, & emotion

Front 37

agonist

Back 37

increases the activity of one or more neurotransmitters

Front 38

antagonist

Back 38

decreases activity of one or more neurotransmitters

Front 39

endorphins

Back 39

-reduce pain
-promote pleasure

Front 40

the human nervous system

Back 40

peripheral
*somatic
*autonomic
~sympathetic
~parasympathetic
-central
*brain
*spinal cord

Front 41

sympathetic nervous system

Back 41

-"Fight or Flight"
-how body responds
-pupils dilate, lungs dilate bronchi, stomach slows digestion, heart rate increases, salivary glands inhibit saliva production

Front 42

parasympathetic nervous system

Back 42

-"Rest & Digest"
-pupils constrict, digestive system kicks in, bladder relaxes, lungs constrict bronchi, salivary glands produce saliva production, heart rate decreases

Front 43

spinal cord

Back 43

-can act w/out help from the brain to protect body from injury (spinal reflex)

Front 44

medulla

Back 44

-controls heartbeat, blood pressure, breathing, coughing, & swallowing

Front 45

pons

Back 45

-connects medulla & cerebellum & involved in movement, sleep & dreaming

Front 46

reticular formation

Back 46

-plays a crucial role in arousal & attention; screens sensory info entering the brain

Front 47

cerebellum

Back 47

-helps body execute smooth, skilled movements, muscle tone, & posture

Front 48

substantia nigra

Back 48

-controls unconscious motor movements

Front 49

hypothalamus

Back 49

regulates hunger, thirst, sexual behavior, internal body temperature, other body functions, & emotional behavior

Front 50

thalamus

Back 50

-acts as relay station for info flowing in or out of forebrain

Front 51

hippocampus

Back 51

-central role in storing of new memories, response to new or unexpected stimuli, & navigational ability

Front 52

amygdala

Back 52

-plays important role in emotion, particularly in response to unpleasant or punishing stimuli

Front 53

cerebral hemispheres

Back 53

right & left halves of the cerebellum, control movement, & feeling on opposing sides

Front 54

corpus collosum

Back 54

-neural fibers connects them & passes info between them

Front 55

cerebrum

Back 55

-handles processing of sensory information, thinking, learning, consciousness, & voluntary movement

Front 56

cerebral cortex

Back 56

-grey, convoluted covering of the brain; language, memory, & thinking

Front 57

left hemisphere

Back 57

-controls right side of body
-controls complex movements, language functions, written& spoken (in most people), numerical skills, & reasoning

Front 58

right hemisphere

Back 58

-controls left side of body
-controls visions & perception (in most people), music processing, emotional thinking, perceiving visual-spatial relationships, & art processing

Front 59

frontal lobe

Back 59

-front of brain & largest of the lobes
-motor cortex (learning & cognitive events)
-Broca's area (usually in left area): controls production of speech sounds
-involved in thinking, impulse control, planning for the future, & emotional responses
-damage to area can affect ability to plan for the future & thinking about consequences

Front 60

parietal lobe

Back 60

-lies behind frontal lobe
-somatosensory cortex: touch, pressure, temperature, & pain register in cerebral cortex
-responsible for body awareness & spatial orientation

Front 61

occipital lobe

Back 61

-involved in the reception & interpretation of visual info
-back of brain
-very back of it relates to primary visual cortex (site where vision registers)

Front 62

temporal lobe

Back 62

-located above ears
-involved in reception & interpretation of sound
-primary auditory complex: where hearing registers
-Wernicke's area: the language area, comprehending of spoken & written words
-damage would make speech just sounds that we couldn't understand

Front 63

types of dream interpretation

Back 63

1)Freud- sex & aggression
2)overall feeling- unconscious says feel this
3)overall themes- title
4)evolutionary psychology -survival practice
5)intra-psychic -dreams & messages, everything in dream is a part of who you are
6)premonitionary/spiritual- premonitions