Intro To Psych Ch. 3: Learning

Front 1

Definition of learning

Back 1

a relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior that comes about through experience

Front 2

Animal research

Back 2

Psychologists assume they will learn general principles of learning present across all kinds of species and organisms (first an assumption, now is true)

Front 3

B = f(E)

Back 3

Behavior is a function of the environment. (John Watson).

Front 4

3 types of conditioning

Back 4

1. Classical Conditioning (Pavlov)
2. Operant Conditioning (Skinner)
3. Vicarious Conditioning (modeling, Bandura)

Front 5

Pavlov's terminology

Back 5

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Conditioned Response (CR)

Front 6

Definition of UCS, UCR, CS, CR

Back 6

UCS - can illicit a response without any learning (instinctive)
UCR - reflexive response
CS - can illicit a response through learning
CR - learning response

Front 7

Pavlov's salivation experiment

Back 7

UCS = Food
UCR = salivation
CS = bell/tone
CR = salivation

Front 8

Edwin B. Twitmeyer

Back 8

knees kicked upward after the bell sounded, without the hammer hitting the participant's knee.

Front 9

John Watson and Little Albert

Back 9

lab assistant would give Little Albert a white rat, and Watson would bang on a gong and make a loud noise. After several times, L.A. would start crying just at the sight of the white rat.

Front 10

Stimulus generalization

Back 10

sufficiently similar UCS will cause similar responses

Front 11

Definition of learning

Back 11

a relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior that comes about through experience

Front 12

Animal research

Back 12

Psychologists assume they will learn general principles of learning present across all kinds of species and organisms (first an assumption, now is true)

Front 13

B = f(E)

Back 13

Behavior is a function of the environment. (John Watson).

Front 14

3 types of conditioning

Back 14

1. Classical Conditioning (Pavlov)
2. Operant Conditioning (Skinner)
3. Vicarious Conditioning (modeling, Bandura)

Front 15

Pavlov's terminology

Back 15

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Conditioned Response (CR)

Front 16

Definition of UCS, UCR, CS, CR

Back 16

UCS - can illicit a response without any learning (instinctive)
UCR - reflexive response
CS - can illicit a response through learning
CR - learning response

Front 17

Pavlov's salivation experiment

Back 17

UCS = Food
UCR = salivation
CS = bell/tone
CR = salivation

Front 18

Edwin B. Twitmeyer

Back 18

knees kicked upward after the bell sounded, without the hammer hitting the participant's knee.

Front 19

John Watson and Little Albert

Back 19

lab assistant would give Little Albert a white rat, and Watson would bang on a gong and make a loud noise. After several times, L.A. would start crying just at the sight of the white rat.

Front 20

Stimulus generalization

Back 20

sufficiently similar UCS will cause similar responses

Front 21

Acquisition

Back 21

repeated pairings of the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus to invoke a response

Front 22

Extinction

Back 22

how to get rid of a conditioned response; present CS repeatedly by itself

Front 23

Spontaneous recovery

Back 23

the temporary reappearance of a conditioned response following extinction

Front 24

Systematic desensitization

Back 24

by Joseph Walpe; came up with it to get rid of fears and phobias.

Front 25

3steps for systematic desensitization

Back 25

1. Relaxation training
2. Stimulus Hierarchy
3. Counterconditioning

Front 26

Relaxation training

Back 26

Progressive muscle relaxation (PMR)

Front 27

Stimulus hierarchy

Back 27

list of situations that involve the phobic object; start at the bottom with barely-related things, move towards objects that are very involved with the phobia.

Front 28

Counterconditioning

Back 28

CS = phobic object
CR = fear/anxiety
New CR = relaxation (or something incompatible with the old CR)

Front 29

gGraded exposure in vivo

Back 29

gradual exposure to the feared object in real life, as opposed to virtual reality and exposure treatment

Front 30

Martin Seligman and the "sauce bearnaise" incident

Back 30

CS = sauce
CR = nausea
UCS = flu virus
UCR = nausea

Front 31

2 differences between Seligman case and classical conditioning

Back 31

1. 1-trial learning
2. Long time interval

Front 32

Rats: shock vs. nausea

Back 32

Nausea would produce more aversion than shocking

Front 33

Sue Mineka study of fear of snakes in monkeys

Back 33

Only wild monkeys, not lab, are inherently afraid of snakes; however, if a lab monkey sees a video in which its field counterpart is afraid of a snake, it will become afraid, too.

Front 34

Flower phobia

Back 34

Monkeys never developed a flower phobia through the same means.

Front 35

Conclusion of Mineka study

Back 35

organisms, including humans, are biologically prepared by evolution to form certain CS-UCS associations more readily.

Front 36

James McConnell and the planarian

Back 36

UCS - shock
UCR - scrunch up
CS - bright light
CR - scrunch up

Front 37

Coyotes and the conditioned taste aversion

Back 37

Farmers' sheep were getting eaten by coyotes, so they made the sheep have a taste so that the coyotes would experience nausea.

Front 38

B.F. Skinner

Back 38

the founder of radical behaviorism and operant conditioning

Front 39

Radical behaviorism

Back 39

learning that focuses only on external (environmental) causes

Front 40

Determinism

Back 40

humans do not have fre will; it's only an illusion. All one's behavior presently is based upon past experiences

Front 41

Walden Two

Back 41

utopian novel by Skinner, describes a perfect environment controlled by operant conditioning