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89 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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American Ideals
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LEI SUD
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Liberty
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we can do whatever we want as long as it doesn't infringe on other people's rights
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Equality
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14th amendment, equal opportunity (limitations include race/ethnicity, socio-economic, gay equality, capitalism)
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Individualism
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key ideal self-reliance. Conflict with electoral college/redistribution of welfare
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Self-government
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people are sovereign. Limitation: supreme court can undo majority rule.
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Unity
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after tragedy or sport pride (this coincides with diversity)
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Diversity
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nationalistic view, immigration and other races
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Classical Liberalism
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defines our system of government
right over good or legal vs. moral inequality is the natural byproduct of liberalism |
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Libertarian
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govt. only for security purposes. defense
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Liberals
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Democrats, bigger govt. pro-taxes
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Populists
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govt. can't solve the problems
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Conservatives
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Republicans, small govt. lower taxes, govt. tends to BE the problem
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Theories of Power
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MEPB
Majoritarianism Elitism Pluralism Bureaucratic Rule |
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Majoritarianism
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winner takes all system. In order to have legitimacy in the system there must be a competition for leadership must be est. open access to political system and open communication between people in power and voters.
there must be a meaningful reason for this type of govt. |
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constitutionalism & capitalism
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supply and demand economy. Constitution is the high law. There must be a framework and a limit to power of the govt.
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Elitism
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1950s C. Wright Mills. Represented rule by the few. Those that have power control resources. Example: govt. business military= WASP
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Pluralism
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1960s, Robert Dahl. Groups control power. (formation of interest groups) ie. Civil rights, womens rights
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Bureaucratic Rule
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Max Weber. Power is in govt. Iron Law of Oligarchy: power→ experienced of administrators that the state will determine
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1787 Constitutional Convention
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main goal: to amend the articles
compromised across the board |
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Virginia Plan
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LARGE STATE, bicameral, numeric representation and proportional representation according to population.
Lower house- elected by the people Upper house- elected by the upper house |
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NJ Plan
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SMALL STATE, strong natl. govt., taxes and regulation, leaving articles of confederation. 1 member per state, no matter population.
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the Great Compromise
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two chamber congress (house and senate 2 per state). Proportional representation
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Marbury v. Madison
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Comes to supreme court
John marshall chief justice, appointed by John Adams Federal view- federal over state govt. power of judicial review to supreme court. |
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Constitution is....
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A Living Document: adaptable, interpretation must evolve over time, may be “changed”, liberal/activist
A Strict Constructionist: original intent/literal, conservative, restrained |
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National Supremacy (1789-1865)
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-John Marshall (1st/chief justice that made it important)
-Federalism -McCulluch v. Maryland -Gibbons v. Ogden -doctrine of Interposition -Dred scott v. Sandford |
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McCulluch v. Maryland
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1819
power to tax is the power to destroy (result) -maryland doesn’t want branch of natl. bank, tax supreme court supreme court doesn’t want branch of national bank SUPREMACY CLAUSE- state cannot pass laws against Federal NECESSARY and PROPER CLAUSE- power to coin $ regulation of interstate commerce, Any law that is proper for supreme court is constitutional |
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Gibbons v. Ogden
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1824
Interstate commerce (Art. 1 sec 8) Congress ability to regulate commerce giving a little more power back to the states (under Chief Justice Roger Taney) |
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Doctrine of Interposition
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states can veto federal law, if it is deemed unconstitutional.
Slave trade vs. slavery within states Missouri compromise (1820) |
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Dred Scott v. Sandford
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1857
most infamous ruling -slave (former), owner died, moves to a free state, ruling: once a slave always property. Republican Lincoln rose up and a gradual end to slavery an issue of states rights |
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Duel Federalism (1865-1937)
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-emerges after the civil war
-Laissez-Faire capitalism: no control over corporate world -public health belongs to states -reconstruction (south states being helped by the federalist north states back into the union) -industrialization -expansion westward. Ratfication of the 13, 14, and 15th amendment -property rights were articulated -Plessy v. Ferguson |
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Plessy v. Ferguson
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-separate but equal (for the states to decide)
-institutionalizes segregation in the south -official start of Jim Crow Era in the south -indentured servants -literary tests -NAACP |
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Cooperative Federalism (1937-present)
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1932- FDR
1929- Stock market crashes -public works (road, schools, bridges) -social safety net. Social security -supreme court elected for life -South Dakota v. Dole -US v. Lopez 1937 constitutional revolution expansion of federal govt. and new deal legislation INTERSTATE COMMERCE Defining power. FDR-New Deal LBJ-Great Society, war on poverty/medicare Richard Nixon- New Federalism Ronald Reagan- Deregulation |
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South Dakota v. Dole
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1987
-MADD prominent -Drinking age to 21 years old -SD didn’t want to have the drinking age to be 21 but federal govt. threatened to take away federal funds -coercive federalism |
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US v. Lopez
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1995
-had a gun 1000 ft from school when that was outlawed -right to equality? But US said that the right was not allowed due to federal law -commerce clause |
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Selective Incorporation
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amendment 1-8
-incorporated at the state level -Bill of Rights-protects from infringement of federal govt. -14th Amendment (state level), Due Process, Equal Protection |
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Deliberative Democracy
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-Priority towards political speech NOT hate speech, or TMZ
-slippery slope -no prior restraint doctrine: the govt. can’t assume something will happen, will have to wait till it happens $- Ad Revenues Media becomes the Watch Dog for Americans Watergate |
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Sedition Act
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1798
-congress throws journalism in jail -jefferson frees the journalists (1800) -govt. can limit 1st amendment |
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US v. Schenck
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1919
“Clear & Present Danger” -Schenck avoids young men to join draft, convicted, challenges 1st amendment -convicted because presented clear and present danger to govt. -congress has right to raise an army |
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Denis v. US
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1951
-Red Scare, small group of communists. Convicted. -challenged by supreme court -Balancing Test: 1st amendment rights must be balanced with other amendment |
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Yates v. US
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1957
-preferred position doctrine -Chief justice Earl Warren (supreme court) -opinion, not so much a threat |
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Brandenberg v. Ohio
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1969
-Imminent Lawless Action -KKK member said he would take down any political leader for racial integration -oveturned because there was no follow up action |
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Texas v. Johnson
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-ultimate expression
-offensive -ruled: protected as freedom of speech -unless intent is to incite violence restriction: time, place, and manner (Skokie, IL) march of the KKK |
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Near v. Minnesota
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1931
-shut down any slander towards the govt. -Near’s newspaper to blackmail local politicians -state was not allowed to shut down -Federal court ruled however that it was a threat to national security others; 1) obscenity and 2) overthrow of govt. |
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Pentagon Papers (NY Times) v. US
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-Vietnamese war, not very clear during Johnson and nixons
- Credibility Gap. Congress saying one thing while the other says another -american people starting to distrust the govt. -leaks=threat -15 days in court (short time must mean high importance) - it wasn’t a case of national security and not a burden of proof -if there is an identification of foreign agents or weapon info in the articles then it is considered a threat to national security |
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Establishment Clause
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: govt. does not favor one religion over another
FREE EXERCISE: govt. cannot interfere with religion ACTION & CHOICE SEPARATION of CHURCH and STATE: -exemption from draft (quakers/ hard core Christians) -exemption from public school laws -creationism in science class |
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Lemon v. Kurtzman
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1971
-Lemon Test, to determine if any govt. aid was constitutional -no advancement of a particular religion -neither to inhibit nor exhibit another religion -does not allow EXCESS GOVT. ENTANGLEMENT |
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Engel v. Vitale
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-school prayer in all public schools in NY
-unconstitutional -peer pressure (some states still have their children recite prayer) |
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2nd amendment
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right to bear arms
original intent: regulation of state militias, not so much individuals owning riffles. |
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4th amendment
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due process
crime control protection |
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Mapp v. Ohio
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1961
Exclusionary Rule: govt. cannot use evidence from a trial that was obtained illegally |
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5th amendment
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protection against self incrimination
double jeopardy: you can only be tried once, however you can have a state trial and a federal trial |
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Miranda v. Arizona
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"miranda rights"
right to remain silent, right to an attorney, right to a speedy trial, right to a jury of one's peers |
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6th Amendment
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right to a speedy trial. right to an attorney, jury of one's peers
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8th Amendment
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cruel and unusual punishment (lethal injection, gas chamber)
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Griswold v. Connecticut
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1965
-supreme court, privacy rights may be found in the penumbras or shadows of the constitution -married couples should have the right to use contraceptives. |
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Roe v. Wade
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1973
-legalize abortion -pro-life vs. pro-choice privacy-penumbras -if this were ever overturned, the democrats would be most affected. |
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Rational Basis Test
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legitimate reason to pass a law
-strict scrutiny (discriminating against race/ethnicity) -intermediate scrutiny (discrimination against gender) |
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Korematsu v. US
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1944
-Japanese Internment camps (were constitutional) -trigger strict scrutiny |
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De Jure Discrimination
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actions or circumstances ruled by law
(ie segregated schools) |
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De Facto Discrimination
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actions that occur outside of the law
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Brown v. Board of Education
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1954
-turning point civil rights -supreme court acted first to end segregation -president Eisenhower 1957 -JFK 1963 -LBJ-1864 & 1965 > congress -segregation between race was not constitutional -southern states didn’t do anythin (also see Brown II) |
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Brown II
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1955
-congress ruled that segregation was not allowed NOW and integration must happen in deliberate speed |
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Women's rights 1st wave
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Suffrage:
seneca falls convention (1848) 19th amendment (1920) ^ both public/private sphere 1923 Equal rights amendment |
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Women's rights 2nd wave
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1960s
social and cultural changes -ERA fails in 1982 -men needing jobs after war -reproductive rights -(1959-1960) FDA approves BC Pill “levels the playing field” -women go into workforce (find a sense of independence) -cold-war & baby boom -rural/urban→ suburban consumerism targets house wives -Betty Freidman: Feminie Mystique (1963) -women are unfulfilled, no identification, no college, not equal citizen NATIONAL ORGANIZATION for WOMEN (1966): equality for women |
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Women's rights, conservative movement
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comes after 2nd wave, before 3rd wave
-ronald reagan: Backlash feminism |
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Women's rights, 3rd wave
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-Diversity
-Global (US vs. other countries) -legal process becomes pro-women, therefore an increase in opportunities |
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Political Socialization
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-family
-education -peers -geography -socioeconomic/demographic -gender -religion -race/ethnicity -media via technology |
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Federalist-10
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Madison
Factions: groups that unite to push selfish goals, by ignoring nation interests, through constitutional means -Large Republic becomes a large argument for checks and balances |
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Why would it be difficult to have a viable 3rd party?
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• Single issue parties: right to life, prohibition, tax issues)
• Factional parties: moose party • Ideological parties: IRS, libertarian, green |
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Pendleton Act
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1883
Creates civil service system (ie post office workers, federal jobs) based on merit not who you know in the system allows for equality within the system for example the president would not be able to make his best friend from high school secretary of defense. Positions must be chosen by merit and qualification. |
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Progressive Movement
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-initiative/referendum:
-non-partisan election: -city managers/commissions -popular election of US senators (1913) -primaries |
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initiative/referendum
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21 states must be able to put something on the ballot.
initiative= signed petition referendum= as permitted by state legislature |
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non-partisan election
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no mention of political parties on ballot
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city managers/commissions
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full time employees that make the decisions
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popular election of US senators
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with passage of the 17th amendment, state legislature used to elect senators instead; now popular vote
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Primaries
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the voters (ppl) decide the candidates on the ballot
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Realignment
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the theory of critical elections
-looked at importance of political parties -changing policy agenda -issue intensive elections. Addressing something big -# of ppl psychologically involved with the elction -how people feel connected to election -critical election |
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3 types of elections
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1. Maintain; status quo
2. Deviating; a little change, won't last 2. Critical; realigning |
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What four things must come with a realigning election?
When does it happen? Examples? |
1. long lasting changes
2. high voter turnout 3. issue intensity 4. massive ID switch/ New Voters (at all levels of govt.) every 32-36 years FDR-1932 (socioeconomic) McKinley- 1896 (economy) Lincoln- 1860s (slavery) Jackson- 1828 (populism) |
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Why wasn't the 1968 election a realigning election?
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it was actually a dealigning election
• democratic party still held most office positions • republican president • influence of TV • social movements in the 1960s o Vietnam war, being brought into the homes of many o 1963 JFK assassination o 1968 Bobby Kennedy assassination o technology o counter culture, loosing innocence o civil rights, womens rights FDR- New Deal Coalition. He had the votes of the working class, labormen, immigrants, women, and catholics but by 1968 everything was falling apart. the catholic vote was lost by the Democratic party (abortion). more reliance on TV, increase on split-ticket voting.(republic on one topic, democratic on another) |
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invisible primary
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name recognition
campaign organization $ networking |
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primary
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appeal to base
iowa and new hampshire→ Momentum |
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Primary Process
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Candidate Centered Politics
Conventions General Election |
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Candidate Centered Politics
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Image, Character, media, $
identifying yourself with a party doesn’t mean much anymore, their goals and platform all you, as an informed citizen, to identify with a particular politician, if they have money coming in or a SUPER-PAC to fund them. Race? |
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Conventions
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1968 Democratic Convention in Chicago
at the brink of the 1960s there were protests, riots and the development of counter culture. Tet Offensive. And during this time mccarthy did not run for reelection. B. Kennedy won the nominee but assassinated. Hubert Humphrey (nominee). 1972- Republic party took away power from party machines, gave to voters. This was the rise to candidate centered politics |
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General Election
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narrative, swing voters, swing states, and the middle
There are a lot of us registered voters that are undecided or in the middle. As a candidate you hope to appeal to swing voters and moderate voters. Swing states, that can go either way, must also be won over. Economy vs. demographics. Romney’s narrative did not appeal to the working/middle class demographic. In fact it seemed like he was the “out of touch rich guy” The base of the Republican party was more social conservative and has a reserved ideology. Romney did not fit this base narrative very well. He was also Mormon, and the base of the Republican party voters are Evangelical Christians. His image did not work so well with the media, he was more of a social candidate a “natural politician” but did not acquire that narrative those of the Republican party (voters) were looking for |
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News Biases
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"do not exist"
-Institutional -newsgathering→ deadlines -Technology, which goes hand in hand with -24 hr news cycle -Drama. Conflict. Style over substance. Scandal |
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Descriptive reporting turns into
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interpretive reporting
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Credibility Gap
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govt. says something, TV showing another thing)
1960s. Cold war, spy plane was shut down, the us govt. thought that no one survived it so they just said Soviet shot down one of our weather hubbles that happened to stray in their territory. The pilot of the plane did survive and the soviet took him under, made him fess that he was a spy and produced news about it everywhere. Americans began to question their govt. 1960-U2 Plane 1963- JFK assassination (lost journalists here for) 1965- Vietnam War, media on the field showing that we were NOT winning the war when we were told by US govt. that we were winning also in between, in 1964 another update on the war did not match up with what was happening in the news Cable news increases the credibility gap ie watergate |
