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84 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Who wrote: Theogony
Hesiod
Who wrote: Republic
Plato
Who wrote: Apology
Plato
Who wrote: Crito
Plato
Who wrote: Phaedo
Plato
Who wrote: Meno
Plato
Who wrote: Nicomachean Ethics
Aristotle
Who wrote: Politics
Aristotle
Who wrote: Meditations (To Himself)
Marcus Aurelius
Who wrote: Enneads
Porphyry
Who wrote: Consolation of Philosophy
Boethius
Who wrote: Summa Theologica
Thomas Aquinas
Arche
The Greek word for first principle, meaning origin/beginning
Apeiron
Means the unlimited
Form
The 'real' world that is eternal and unchanging, not the physical world
Matter
What the physical world is made out of
Telos
- The final cause of something.
- The transition towards a thing’s telos is expressed as a movement from potentiality to actuality
Eudaimonia
Greek word for happiness, literally means to ‘have a good demon’, but we translate it as ‘well-being’
Cosmos
Greek word for universe
Microcosmos
A microcosm of the greater cosmos (i.e. a ‘little universe’)
Virtue
- Means excellence in Greek
- To be a virtuous person is to be an excellent person and an excellent person will be happy
Apatheia
A state of inner calm, literally means a lack of suffering
Ataraxia
Freedom from inner turmoil and fear
Aponia
The absence of physical pain
Nous
- Plotinus' Second Ultimate Reality: Intellect
- The Greek word for thought
The One
- Plotinus' First Ultimate Reality: The One
- The source of everything else: God
- Equivalent to The Good
The Good
- Illumines the world of Forms/Ideas
- The source of everything
- Equivalent to The One
Void
The space within which atoms can move
Atom
- Greek for indivisible
- Tiny, indivisible bits of matter
Deterministic
There is no physical freedom in the universe
Anthropomorphism
Greek word for personification
Virtue Ethic
Focusing on acquiring the virtues (excellences)
Potentiality
The ability to develop or come into existence
Actuality
All things are when they are real in the fullest sense, and not just potentially real
The Cave
- We are prisoners in a cave and all we can see is the shadows on the back wall
- Because we don’t know any better, we mistake the shadows (appearances) for reality
- If one is freed and goes outside we will be blinded by the sun
- Initially he will not believe his eyes because the real world is so different from the shadows
- Eventually he will come to realize that this is the ‘real’ world
- The Good illumines the world of Ideas just as the sun illumines the physical world
Divided Line
- Divide a line into unequal parts
- Visible world on the left
- Intelligible world on the right
- Visible world is the world of appearances
- Intelligible world is the world of Ideas and Forms, this is the 'real' world
Midwife
- Also called the doctrine of recollection
- Since the Forms and the soul are both eternal, nothing new can ever be learned
- Therefore the soul already possesses all real knowledge
- However, we have forgotten this knowledge due to the traumatic experience of childbirth
- The philosopher is like a midwife, who helps us give birth to the knowledge we already have
Hedonism
- The view that pleasure is the chief aim in life
- Epicurus defined pleasure as the absence of pain
Temperance
The mean between abstention and over-indulgence
Golden Mean
- The practical guide to ethical decision making
- Aristotle defines virtue as the mean between 2 extremes
- Example: Courage is the mean between cowardice and foolishness
First Mover
- Comes from Aquinas' Summa Theologica
- Pure actuality: God
- There cannot be Infinite Regress therefore there has to be a First Mover / Unmoved Mover
Unmoved Mover
- Comes from Aquinas' Summa Theologica
- Pure actuality: God
- There cannot be Infinite Regress therefore there has to be a First Mover / Unmoved Mover
Logic
How to think properly (also involves psychology and formal reasoning) (Stoicism)
Ethics
The proper way to live (Stoicism)
Physics
Our understanding of the natural world (Stoicism)
Ex Nihilo
Greek meaning 'from nothing'
Ex: No Greek equivalent for ‘creation ex nihilo’ (creation from nothing)
Logos
- Greek word for word, speech, thought, reason, etc.
- Also another name for God
- Everything that happens in the universe because the Logos wills it (Logos doesn't have personality)
Problem of Evil
- Comes from Aquinas' Summa Theologica
- God is infinite goodness and there shouldn't be evil, but there is so there is no God
Cosmological Argument
- The First Cause / The First Mover / The Unmoved Mover
- There cannot be Infinite Regress therefore there has to be something that started it: God
Infinite Regress
A causal relationship transmitted through an indefinite number of terms in a series, with no term that begins the causal chain
Who is Hesiod?
Wrote the Greek creation story Theogony (meaning birth of the Gods)
Who is Thales?
- One of the 3 earliest philosophers
- First to give a naturalistic explanation of the world
- Everything is composed of one simple substance: Water
Who is Anaximander?
- One of the 3 earliest philosophers
- First Greek to make a map of the world
- Agreed with Thales that everything reduces to one principle, but not water, it was the arche
- Arché couldn’t be one of the 4 fundamental elements (Fire, Earth, Air, Water)
- The arché must be some undefined thing that underlies the elements: the apeiron
Who is Anaximenes?
- One of the 3 earliest philosophers
- Most modern of the 3
- Rejects apeiron, it is unobservable, so why believe it
- Air is the arché
What are 4 dialogues about the trial and death of Socrates?
- Euthyphro
- Apology
- Crito
- Phaedo
Who founded the Academy in Athens?
Plato
What are the 3 faculties of the soul?
- The Appetitive Faculty: The seat of desire (the appetites)
- The Irascible Faculty: The seat of anger, heroism, and inner strength (the temper)
- The Rational Faculty: The seat of reason and deliberation (the reason)
How does one achieve a just and healthy soul?
- A just and healthy soul is one in which the reason uses the temper to control the appetites
- A healthy reason possesses the virtue of wisdom
- A healthy temper possesses the virtue of courage
- A healthy appetite possesses the virtue of temperance and moderation
What are the 3 types of people that make up a just society according to Plato?
- Wage Earners : Appetites : Temperance
- Auxiliaries : Temper : Courage
- Guardians : Reason : Wisdom
Who is Plato?
- Socrates lead disciple
- Founded the “Academy” in Athens, the first philosophical school
- Wrote: The Republic, Apology, Crito, Phaedo, and Meno
Who is Aristotle?
- Plato's lead disciple
- Founder of "The Lyceum", in Athens
- Wrote: Nicomachean Ethics and Politics
Who founded the Lyceum in Athens?
Aristotle
Who invented the science of taxonomy?
Aristotle
What is hylomorphism?
- Meaning form and matter together
- There is no separate ideal world of which this world is merely a copy
- This world (the physical world) is the real world
What are Aristotle's 4 Causes?
- The Material Cause
- The Formal Cause
- The Efficient Cause
- The Final Cause
Who is Zeno of Citium?
- Founder of stoicism and began teaching in Athens
What are the 3 areas of stoicism?
- Physics: our understanding of the natural world
- Logic: how to think properly (also involves psychology and formal reasoning)
- Ethics: the proper way to live
Who is Epictetus?
A stoic Roman slave
Who is Marcus Aurelius?
- A stoic Roman emperor
- Wrote: The Meditations (To Himself)
Who is Leucippus?
The first atomist
Who is Democritus?
- An atomist
- Was Leucippus' pupil, but became more famous
Who founded the Garden in Athens?
Epicurus
Who is Epicurus?
- Founded the Garden
- Introduced the swerve
- Was a hedonist
- Sought to attain ataraxia (freedom from inner turmoil and fear) and aponia (the absence of physical pain)
Who is Plotinus?
- Founded Later Platonism
Who is Porphyry?
- Plotinus' disciple
- Edited and rearranged Plotinus’ writing, publishing them as The Enneads
What are the 3 fundamental hypostases of Plotinus' Doctrine?
- Frist Ultimate Reality: The One
- Second Ultimate Reality: Intellect (Nous)
- Third Ultimate Reality: World-Soul
Who is St. Augustine?
- Influenced by Plotinus
- Was a Manichaean: believed the universe was divided between good and evil, and that matter is evil (ex. Star Wars)
Who is Tertullian of Carthage?
- What does philosophy have to do with revealed religion? Nothing
Who is Justin Martyr?
- Justin is considered a saint (known as St. Justin the Philosopher in the East)
- Pagan Philosophy a schoolmaster to bring the Gentiles to Christ
Who is Boethius?
Wrote the Consolation of Philosophy
Who is Thomas Aquinas?
- Wrote Summa Theologica
What are 2 reasons, based on Summa Theologica, that God does not exist?
- The Problem of Evil
- The Unnecessary Hypothesis
What reason, based on Summa Theologica, that God exists?
The First Mover/Unmoved Mover
Who is Origen?
- Christian theologian
- Classmate of Plotinus