Intro To Immunity

Front 1

T/F Innate & Adaptive Immunity Systems Work Together

Back 1

True: Innate immune responses alsoenhance adaptive immune responses against infectious agents

Front 2

A pt gets infected, the type of immunity that gets active first would be? What is unique about this type of immunity?

A Pt gets infected and his infection gets worst after a three weeks slowly he recovers and starts to feel better. The type of immunity that kicked in would be?

Which type of immunity is more powerful?

Back 2

Innate Immunity - Innate immunity does react against noninfectious foreign particles.

Adaptive Immunity

Adaptive Immunity is more powerful than Innate Immunity

Front 3

**** What are considered key mediators of the Adaptive Immunity? Give examples

**** What is unique about lymphocytes receptors and their recognition?

Back 3

Lymphocytes T Cells and B Cells.

* Lymphocytes express receptors thatspecifically recognize antigens produced by microbes aswell as noninfectious molecules.

Front 4

*** Name the examples of cells that participate Innate immunity 6?

What are the two types of Adaptive Immunity?

Back 4

Innate Immunity Cells
1) Epithelial Barriers
2) Natural Killer Cells
3) Phagocytes

4) Mast Cells
5) Dendritic Cells
6) Complement Cells

Types of Adaptive Immunity:
1) Humoral
2) Cell Mediated Immunity

Front 5

HumoralImmunity will be Specific for defense against __________ Microbes. Whereas Cell Mediated Immunity will be specific Defense against ___________ Microbes.

What is the first line of defense of the Innate Immunity?

Back 5

Humoral - B Cells Extracellular
Cell Mediated - T Cells Intracellular

Thefirst line of defense in innate immunity is provided by epithelial barriers andby specialized cells and natural antibiotics present in epithelia, all of whichfunction to block the entry of microbes.

Front 6

What are they Key cells for Cell Mediated Immunity? How do they work?

What are they Key cells for Humoral Immunity? How do they work?

Back 6

In cell-mediated immunity, T lymphocytes either activate macrophages todestroy phagocytosed microbes or kill infected cells directly.

In humoral immunity, B lymphocytes secrete antibodies that eliminate extracellularmicrobes.

Front 7

You see a pt that has mucosal respiratory and GI infection. In order to stop spread of this infection in the blood of microbes from getting into the blood and colonizing the host cells and connective tissue, which immune system and what specific cell types would come into action?

___________ prevent infections from ever getting established.

Back 7

Humoral Immunity and B Lymphocytes would get activated.



Antibodies.

Front 8

Antibodies recognize what types of molecules(4)?

T/F Microbes that live and divideinside infected cells can not be accessed by antibodies

What immune cells manage the intracellular infection? Be Specific?

Back 8

Antibodies recognize many differenttypes of molecules including proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, andnucleic acids

True

Defense against these intracellular microbes ismediated by cells called Tlymphocytes

Front 9

** What are the Types of T Cells? Give their function as well **

Back 9

Helper T cells (CD4+) activate phagocytes to destroy microbes that have been ingested by thephagocytes into intracellular vesicles

Cytotoxic T cells (CD8+) kill any type of host cells that are harboring infectious microbes in thecytoplasm

Front 10

What are the two Immunity Types? How are they attained? Which of them is Long Term and Which one is shorter?


What antibodies would provide passiveimmunity to a breast fed 7 month old baby?

Back 10

Active immunity-isinduced in an individual by infection or vaccination. Active immunity is Long Term - Lifetime.

Passive immunity-isconferred on an individual by transfer of antibodies from an activelyimmunized individual; this protection is short-term .

IgA

Front 11

T cells recognize only ________________?

A Mother breast feds her child. What type of immunity is child attaining through breast milk? Is it long Term or Short Term? What Antibodies are being passed from Mothers milk to the child?

What type of antibodies gets transferred through placenta?

____________cellsare antibody secreting factory?

Back 11

T cells recognize only proteinantigens.

Passive Immunity: Passive Immunity is Short Term.

The antibody that passes through breastmilk to the child is IGA

IgG antibodies gets transferred to fetus through placenta.


B Cells

Front 12

B Cells are generated where?

Lymphocytes will not do anything until____________?

________________ are referred asProfessionals, responsible for Activating NaieveT cells

Back 12

Bone Marrow

Lymphocytes will not do anything untilits receptors bind to a specific antigen.

Dendritic Cells are referred asProfessionals, responsible for Activating NaieveT cells .

Front 13

What are three types of effector cells?

_____________ are the only cells thatexpress specific receptors for antigens and are thus the key mediators ofadaptive immunity.

CD4 are helper T cells with MHC Class _________

Back 13

T Lymphocytes, Macrophages and Granuolocytes.

Lymphocytes.

CD4 are Helper T Cells with MHC class 2.

Front 14

What are the 4 Classes of Lymphocytes

A Pt undergoes a liver transplant. Physician would want to suppress which class of Lymphocytes?

Back 14

B Cells
Helper T Cells
Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes
Regulatory T Cells








Regulatory Lymphocytes

Front 15

T/F T Cells will be activated by MHC molecules.

Are NK cells part of the Innate immunity? What is unique about them that differentiates them from B & T cells.

Where do B and T lymphocytes mature? What is unique about B lymphocytes maturation?

Back 15

True

Natural killer (NK) cells alsoare capable of rapidly attacking infected host cells as components of innateimmunity. NK cells do not express clonally distributed antigen receptors like B and T cells.

B lymphocytes mature in Bone marrow, although some may leave bone marrow and mature in Spleen.
T cells mature in Thymus.

Front 16

The effector cells of B lymphocytes are ______________?

The Effector Cells of the CD4+T lymphocyte lineage produce _________.


The effector cells of the CD8+lineage are?

Back 16

Theeffector cells of the B lymphocyte lineageare antibody-secreting plasmacells.

Cytokines

Cytotoxic T Cells.

Front 17

What type of membrane immunoglobin is found in Naive, Activated and Memory B cells?

What is the effector function of B cells?

T/F FDCs do not present antigen to Tcells

______________ cells are prototypical“professional APCs” displayantigens to T cells as well as additional activating signals includingsurface and secreted proteins.

Back 17

Naive: IgM, IgD
Activated: IgG, IgA, IgE
Memory: IgA, IgG, IgE.

Antibody Secretion.

True

Dendritic cells

Front 18

_____________ residesin germinal centers of lymphoid follicles in the peripheral lymphoid organs and displays antigens thatstimulate differentiation of B cells in the follicles.

What are the 3 Antigen Presenting Cells (Remember Dave Matthews Band :)

What are the Central Lymphoid Organs?

Back 18

FDC

APC's:
Dendritic Cells
Macrophages
B Cells

Bone MArrow and Thymus.

Front 19

What are peripheral lymphoid organs?

In a Lymph node, where do you find B cells?

Entry of lymphocytes to the lymph notes is via which two methods?

If there is a breach of epithelia by the microbes, which immune site responds?

Back 19

Spleen, Lymph nodes, musocal and cutaneous immune system.

In the Cortex

Via Arteries and through epecializedepithelium called high endothelial venules

Cutaneousand mucosal lymphoid tissues are sites of immune responses to antigens thatbreach epithelia.biw=1707&bih=820&dpr=1.13

Front 20

Where are T cells found in the lymph nodes?

Back 20

T Cells are found in the "ParaFollicular Cortex"

Front 21

The infectious microbe penetrated the epithelial into the peyers patch area. Which lymphoid tissues would respond to that microbe? What are the examples of the type of tissue that would come into action?

Back 21

Mucosal Associated Lymphoid Tissue
Found in Peyers Patch and Pharyngeal Tonsils.

Front 22

T/F At any time, more than half of the body's lymphocytes are in the mucosal tissues (reflecting the large size ofthese tissues), and many of these are memory cells.

Payers Patch is associated with the MALT tissue.

Back 22

True



True

Front 23

Exam Question:

Which of the following regions would youfind T Cells in the Spleen

Back 23

Periarteriolar Lymphoid Sheath (PALS).

Front 24

Inside the Payers patch ___________ cells capture bacterialantigen, go through lymphatics, take to the lymph nodes and present it to _______________ cells.

What happens after?

Back 24

Dendritic cells capture bacterialantigen, go through lymphatics, take to the lymph nodes and present it to NaïveT cells.


Naïve T cells then migrate to the site ofinfection where they would carry the Effector function.

Front 25

_____________ Cells can secrete one of the 5classes of antibodies called _______, which has a specific mechanism which allows itto be transferred to the epithelium.

In the lymph nodes, the lymphocytes enter through where? and are drawn to different areas of the node via what?

Back 25

Plasma Cells can secrete one of the 5classes of antibodies called IgA . IgA has a specific mechanism which allows itto be transferred to the epithelium.

Thelymphocytes enter through a highendothelial venule (HEV),shown in cross section, and are drawn todifferent areas of the node by chemokinesthat are produced in these areas and bind selectively to either cell type.

Front 26

______________ is a type ofantibody abundantly produced in mucosal tissues that is transported into thelumen, where it binds and neutralizes microbes.

The anatomic segregation of B and T cells occur in which organ?

Dendritic cells migrate to lymph nodes and they travel into the lymph nodes through __________

Back 26

IgA

Spleen

Lymphatics.

Front 27

In lymph nodes, the B cells are concentrated in ______________ located around the periphery, or cortex, ofeach node. The follicles contain ___________ involved in the activation of Bcells.

If the B cells in a follicle haverecently responded to an antigen, this follicle may contain a central regioncalled a ___________________, which play an important role in the production of antibodies.

Back 27

In lymph nodes, the B cells are concentrated in discrete follicles located around the periphery, or cortex, ofeach node. The follicles contain FDCs involved in the activation of Bcells.


If the B cells in a follicle haverecently responded to an antigen, this follicle may contain a central regioncalled a germinal center. Germinalcenters play an important role in the production of antibodies.

Front 28

T lymphocytes areconcentrated in the ____________ in lymph nodes,which is outside, but adjacent to the __________. The paracortexcontains ____________ that present antigens to T lymphocytes.

Where do T and B cells reside in the Spleen?

Back 28

T lymphocytes areconcentrated in the Paracortex of lymph nodes,which is outside, but adjacent to the Follicles. The paracortexcontains Dendritic Cells that present antigens to T lymphocytes.


In the white pulp of the spleen, T lymphocytes are concentrated in periarteriolar lymphoid sheaths surroundingsmall arterioles, and B cells reside in the follicles.

Front 29

In SpleenB cells locatein __________ because ____________ continuously secrete chemokines specificfor a receptor expressed on naive B cells to attract B cells from the blood into thefollicles of lymphoid organs.

***T cells aresegregated in the __________ of lymph nodes and the ______________ of the spleen because naive T cells are recruited from the blood due to expression of the ____________ receptor that binds chemokines produced in these regions.

Back 29

B cells locatein follicles because FDCscontinuously secrete chemokines specificfor a receptor expressed on naive B cells to attract B cells from the blood into thefollicles of lymphoid organs.

T cells aresegregated in the paracortex of lymph nodes and the PALSof the spleen because naive T cells are recruited from the blood due to expression of the CCR7 receptor that binds chemokines produced in these regions.

Front 30

When lymphocytes are activated bymicrobial antigens, they alter their expression of chemokine receptors. _____________ cells and ______ cells then migrate toward each other to meet at the edgeof follicles where _______ (be specific) cells interact with and help B cellsto differentiate into antibody-producing cells.

The Activated T lymphocytes ultimatelyexit the lymph node through ____________ and leave the spleen through__________. The activated T cells endup in the circulation to go to distantsites of infection.

Back 30

When lymphocytes are activated bymicrobial antigens, they alter their expression of chemokine receptors. Bcells and T cells then migrate toward each other to meet at the edgeof follicles where helper T cells interact with and help B cellsto differentiate into antibody-producing cells.

Activated T lymphocytes ultimatelyexit the node through efferent lymphatic vessels and leave the spleen throughveins. The activated T cells endup in the circulation to go to distantsites of infection.

Front 31

The Primary cytokine from a heper Tcells that activate macrophages is?

NaiveT cells enter lymph nodes through specialized postcapillary venules,called_______________ present in lymph nodes.

NaiveT cells express a surface receptor called ____________ that binds to carbohydrate ligands expressed onlyon the endothelial cells of HEVs.

Inlymph nodes, the T cells may be activated by antigens to proliferate and differentiate into ________ cells. During this process, the cells reduce expression of ______________ and _____________ receptorsthat keep naive cells in the lymph nodes.

At the same time, T cells increase expression of ___________________ receptors,and because the concentration of this phospholipid is higher in the blood than inlymph nodes, the activated cells are drawn out of the nodesinto the circulation

Back 31

The Primary cytokine from a helper Tcells that activate macrophages IFGamma (Interferon Gamma).

NaiveT cells enter lymph nodes through specialized postcapillary venules,called high endothelial venules (HEVs)present in lymph nodes.

NaiveT cells express a surface receptor called L-selectinthat binds to carbohydrate ligands expressed onlyon the endothelial cells of HEVs.

Inlymph nodes, the T cells may be activated by antigens to proliferate and differentiate into effector cells. During this process, the cells reduce expression of adhesion molecules and chemokine receptorsthat keep naive cells in the lymph nodes.

Atthe same time, T cells increase expression of sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors,and because the concentration of this phospholipid is higher in the blood than inlymph nodes, the activated cells are drawn out of the nodesinto the circulation

Front 32

_________ cells locate and eliminate microbes at any site of infection.

______________ remain in lymphoid organs and do not need to migrate to sites of infection. B cellssecrete antibodies which enter the blood and find microbes andtoxins in the circulation or distant tissues.

Memory T cellpopulations consist of ___________________ that recirculate through lymph nodes where they canmount secondary responses to captured antigens, and ____________________ that migrate to sites of infection, where they canrespond rapidly to eliminate the infection.

What are the 3 phases of Adaptive Immunity?

Back 32

Effector T Cells.


Effector B lymphocytesremain in lymphoid organs and do not need to migrate to sites of infection. B cellssecrete antibodies which enter the blood and find microbes andtoxins in the circulation or distant tissues.

Memory T cellpopulations consist of central memory T cellsthat recirculate through lymph nodes where they canmount secondary responses to captured antigens, and effector memory T cells that migrate to sites of infection, where they canrespond rapidly to eliminate the infection.

Thefirst three phases are:
1. Recognition of antigen 2. Activation of lymphocytes, and 3. Elimination of antigen (effector phase).

Front 33

-Mosteffector lymphocytesare short-lived and die as the antigen is eliminated. What is the exception?

B cells will have what types of Ig's when they are Naive, Activated / when they are memory lymphocytes?

Besides phagocytose microbes that have invaded through epithelium and are capable of presenting protein antigens to T cells, what other function do they serve?

Spleen, payers patch, appendix, adenoids, tonsils, are _______________ lymphoid organs where as bone marrow and thymus are ______________ lymphoid organs.

Back 33

Mosteffector lymphocytesare short-lived and die as the antigen is eliminated. Someantibody-producing Plasma Cells maymigrate to the bone marrow andcontinue to produce small amounts of antibody longafter the infection is eradicated.

Remember: Naive: (MD) (IgM and IgD)
Activated and Memory: (woo GEA) IgG, IgE, IgA

Macrophageslive in tissues and in various organs and phagocytose microbes that have invaded through theepithelium and are Capable of presenting protein antigens to T cells

Spleen. peyers patch, adenoids, tonsils and eppendix are Peripheral lymphoid organs.

Bone Marrow and Thymus are Central Lymphoid Organs.

Front 34

T CElls are found where in the lymph nodes? What other immune cells are foind int the same region?

In lymph nodes. If the B cells in a follicle haverecently responded to an antigen, this follicle may contain a central regioncalled a______________ which play an important role in the production of antibodies

In Lympoh Nodes T lymphocytes areconcentrated in the __________,which is outside, but adjacent to the follicles and contains ______________ cells that present antigens to T lymphocytes

Back 34

YOU FIND T CELLS IN THE PARAFOLLICULARCORTEX. What are the immune cells would you find in the parafollicularcortex- Dendritic cells.

If the B cells in a follicle haverecently responded to an antigen, this follicle may contain a central regioncalled a Germinal Center. Germinalcenters play an important role in the production of antibodies.

T lymphocytes areconcentrated in the Paracortex,which is outside, but adjacent to the follicles. The paracortexcontains dendritic cells that present antigens to T lymphocytesC

Front 35

Where do B and T cells reside in the Spleen?


B cells locatein Follicles because __________ cells continuously secrete chemokines specificfor a receptor expressed on naive B cells to attract B cells from the blood into thefollicles of lymphoid organs.

T cells aresegregated in the paracortex of lymph nodes and the PALSof the spleen because naive T cells are recruited from the blood due to expression of the _________ receptor that binds chemokines produced in these regions.

Back 35

In the white pulp of the spleen, T lymphocytes are concentrated in Periarteriolar Lymphoid Sheaths surroundingsmall arterioles, and B cells reside in the follicles.

B cells locatein follicles because FDCscontinuously secrete chemokines specificfor a receptor expressed on naive B cells to attract B cells from the blood into thefollicles of lymphoid organs. T cells aresegregated in the paracortex of lymph nodes and the PALSof the spleen because naive T cells are recruited from the blood due to expression of the CCR7 receptor that binds chemokines produced in these regions.

Front 36

The initial bnding of Naive T cells to the Vascular endothelium is Mediated by what 2 components?

When Naive T cells become activated T cells, what chemical they utilize to migrate out of the lymph?

What are the two types of memory cells and where are they found?

Back 36

L-Selectin1 (T cell) to GlyCam1 (HEV receptor).

Tcells increase expression of sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors,and because the concentration of this phospholipid is higher in the blood than inlymph nodes, the activated cells are drawn out of the nodesinto the circulation.

Central Memory T cells and EffectorMemory T Cells. Central memory T cells are going to be circulating through thelymph nodes and they are going to be the exact same places where Naïve T cellsare found.Effector Memory T cells, aren’t going to be found in lymph nodes but at thesites of inflammation, peripheral mucosal tissue where they will be able toable respond very rapidly to any microbes.