Intro To Gross Anatomy

Front 1

Define the Anatomical Position

Back 1

-Body standing erect
-Eyes facing forward
-Legs parallel
-Palms of hands facing forward

Front 2

Understand the meaning of basic anatomical terms of relationship, comparison, laterality and movement

Back 2

Planes of Space:
-Median=Sagittal=Midsagittal
:equal right and left halves
-

Front 3

Differentiate between "medial" and "median"

Back 3

Medial is close to or near the midline of the body while median is on the midsaggital line (on the middle)

Front 4

What does lateral mean

Back 4

Position away from the midline of the body

Front 5

What does proximal mean

Back 5

Position close to the point of attachment or origin

Front 6

What does distal mean

Back 6

position away from the point of attachment or origin

Front 7

What is "internal" vs "external"

Back 7

Internal is used similar to deep-position away from the surface

External is similar to superficial: position near the surface

Front 8

What does ipsilateral mean

Back 8

Pertaining to being located on the same side

Front 9

What does contralateral mean

Back 9

Pertaining to being located on the opposite side

Front 10

Flexion vs extension

Back 10

Flexion is to decrease the angle between two bones

Extension is to increase the angle between two bones

Front 11

Abduction vs Adduction

Back 11

Abduction is movement away from the midline

Adduction is movement toward the midline

Front 12

Rotation vs Circumduction

Back 12

Rotation is movement around the longitudanal axis of a bone

Circumduction is complex movement around a fixed point involving the sequence of flexion, abduction, extension, adduction

Front 13

Pronation vs supination

Back 13

Pronation is movement of the forearm so that the posterior side of the hand is facing up

Supination is movement of the forearm so that the anterior part of the hand is facing upard (back to anatomical position)

Front 14

Eversion vs Inversion

Back 14

Eversion is turning the sole of the foot (plantar surface)outward

Inversion is turning sole of foot inward

Front 15

Dorsiflexion vs Plantarflexion

Back 15

Dorsiflexion is movment of the foot so that the toes point cranially

Plantarflexion is movement of the toes so that they point caudally

Front 16

Opposition vs Reposition

Back 16

Opposition is movement whereby the pad of the thumb touches the pads of the other digits

Reposition is movement of the thumb back into the anatomical position

Front 17

Elevation vs Depression

Back 17

Elevation is lifting of a part

Depression is pulling down of a part

Front 18

Protrusion vs Retraction

Back 18

Protrusion is pushing a part forward

Retraction is moving a part backward

Front 19

Skin

Back 19

-Dermis and epidermis
-Nails, hair, sebaceous glands, sweat glands
-innervated by cutaneous nerves that sends sensory info to the CNS
-Sweat glands in the skin contribute to its function as a thermoregutory organ

Front 20

What are the two types of fascia?

Back 20

Superficial fascia: located just underneath the skin and composed of loose areolar connective tissue

Deep fascia: consists of denser connective tissue. Invests the muscles and tendons. Extends in between the muscles to attach to bone thus forming intermuscular septa that serve to form muscle compartments particularly in the limbs

Front 21

What are tendons

Back 21

Skeletal muscles usually attach to bones by structures called tendons (dense connective tissue)

Front 22

Differentiate "origin" vs "insertion"

Back 22

Origin is the proximal point of attachment while insertion is the distal point of attachment. The fleshy belly is in between

Front 23

What is an aponeurosis

Back 23

A broad flat tendon of attachment of a muscle

Front 24

What is a raphe

Back 24

It is the interdigitation of the insertions of muscles on each other

Front 25

How can muscle fibers be arranged in terms of their points of attachment

Back 25

Either parallel or obliquely to their points of attachment

-Those with a parallel arrangement have a greater degree of pull

-When muscle fibers attach obliquely to their tendons, they confer a feather-like appearance to the muscle and muscle can be said to be unipennate, bipennate, or multipennate

Front 26

What are joints

Back 26

Points where two or more bones come together

Front 27

What are the three main classifications of joints?

Back 27

Fibrous joints: immoveable joints where the bones are united by fibrous connective tissue (sutures of the skull)

Cartilaginous Joints: slightly moveable joints where the bones are united by cartilage (intervertebral discs)

Synovial Joints: freely moveable joints

Front 28

Synovial Joints

Back 28

-Bones are covered by articular cartilage
-Joint caviy contains a synovial membrane that lubricates the joint
-Joint capsule is usually reinforced by ligaments
-Most numerous
-Classified on the basis of amount of movement possible and the shapes

Front 29

Further classification of synovial joints based on shape and amount of movement

Back 29

-Uniaxial joints: movement in only one plane of space
-Biaxial joints: movement in two planes of space
-Multiaxial joints: permits movement in all 3 planes of space

Front 30

Further classification of Uniaxial joints (type of synovial joint)

Back 30

Plane (gliding) joints: articular surfaces are flat (sternoclavicular)
Hinge: flexion and extension (knee, elbow)
Pivot: One bone rotates around another (atlantoaxial, radioulnar)

Front 31

Further classification of Biaxial joints (type of synovial joint)

Back 31

-Condyloid-"knuckle joints"-permit flexion/extension and adduction/abduction (metacarpophalyngeal joints)
-Ellipsoid-oval elipsoid surface fits into oval concavity to permit flexion/extension and abduction/adduction (radiocarpal joint)

Front 32

Further classification of multiaxial joint (type of synovial joint)

Back 32

-Saddle joints:reciprocal bones resemble a saddle on a horses back (1st carpometacarpal joint)
-Ball and socket joints-shoulder and hip

Front 33

What determines stability of joints?

Back 33

-Congruence of articular surfaces-how tightly the bonds fit together
-Ligaments
-Muscle tone

Front 34

What are bursae?

Back 34

Blind synovial pouches that intervene between bone and skin and between bone and bone to facilitate movement at joints

Front 35

What are mucous membranes?

Back 35

Name given to interior lining of the hollow organs of the body. Consist of lamina propria, epithelium, muscularis mucosa

Front 36

What are serous membranes?

Back 36

Line the body cavities and cover visceral organs
-Consists of mesothelium (simple squamous epithelium) and underlying connective tissue