Intro To Anthropology, Exam #3

Front 1

define Economic System

Back 1

An organized arrangement for producing, distributing, and consuming goods

Front 2

define Technology

Back 2

Tools and other material equipment, together with the knowledge of how to make and use them

Front 3

define Reciprocity

Back 3

The exchange of goods and services, of approximately equal value, between two parties

Front 4

define Generalized Reciprocity

Back 4

A mode of exchange in which the value of the gift is not calculated, nor is the time of repayment specified

Front 5

define Silent Trade

Back 5

Exchange of goods between mutually distrusting ethnic groups so as to avoid direct personal contact

Front 6

define Kula Ring

Back 6

A mode of balanced reciprocity that reinforces trade and social relations among the seafaring Melanesians who inhabit a large ring of islands in the southwestern Pacific Ocean

Front 7

define Balanced Reciprocity

Back 7

A mode of exchange in which the giving and the receiving are specific as to the value of the goods or services and the time of their delivery

Front 8

define Redistribution

Back 8

A mode of exchange in which goods flow into a central place, where they are sorted, counted, and reallocated

Front 9

define Conspicuous Consumption

Back 9

A showy display of wealth for social prestige

Front 10

define Potlatch

Back 10

On the northwestern coast of North America, an indigenous ceremonial event in which a village chief publicly gives away stockpiled food and other goods that signify wealth

Front 11

define Prestige Economy

Back 11

The creation of a surplus for the express purpose of displaying wealth and giving it away to raise one's status

Front 12

define Leveling Mechanism

Back 12

A cultural obligation compelling prosperous members of a community to give away goods, host public feasts, provide ree service, or otherwise demonstrate generosity so that no one permanently accumulates significantly more wealth than anyone else

Front 13

define Market Exchange

Back 13

The buying and selling of goods and services, with prices set by rules of supply and demand

Front 14

define Money

Back 14

A means of exchange used to make payments for other goods and services as well as to measure their value

Front 15

define Informal Economy

Back 15

A network of producing and circulating marketable commodities, labor, and services that for various reasons escapes government control

Front 16

define Race

Back 16

In biology, the taxonomic category of subspecies that is not applicable to humans because the divisions of humans into discrete types does not represent the true nature of human biological variation
An importance social category in some societies

Front 17

define Genocide

Back 17

the physical extermination of one people by another
Either as a deliberate act or as the accidental outcome of activities carried out by one people with little regard for their impact on others

Front 18

define Racism

Back 18

A doctrine of superiority by which one group justifies the dehumanization of others based on their distinctive physical characteristics

Front 19

define Structural Violance

Back 19

Physical and/or psychological harm caused by impersonal, exploitative, and unjust social, political, and economic systems

Front 20

define Polymorphic

Back 20

Describing species with alternative forms (alleles) of particular genes

Front 21

define Polytypic

Back 21

Describing the expression of genetic variants in different frequencies in different populations of a species

Front 22

define Epicanthic Eyefold

Back 22

A fold of skin at the inner corner of the eye that covers the true corner of the eye
Common in Asian populations

Front 23

define Melanin

Back 23

A dark pigment produced in the outer layer of the skin that protects against damaging ultraviolet solar radiation

Front 24

define Thrifty Genotype

Back 24

Human genotype that permits efficient storage of fat to draw on in times of food shortage and conservation of glucose and nitrogen

Front 25

define Lactose

Back 25

A sugar that is the primary constituent of fresh milk

Front 26

define Lactase

Back 26

An Enzyme in the small intestine that enables humans to assimilate lactose

Front 27

define Adaptation

Back 27

A series of beneficial adjustments to a particular enviorment

Front 28

define Cultural Adaptation

Back 28

A complex of ideas, technologies, and activities that enables people to survive and even thrive in their enviorment

Front 29

define Culture

Back 29

A society's shared and socially transmitted ideas, values, emotions, and perceptions
Used to make sense of experience and generate behavior and are reflected in that behavior

Front 30

define Enculturation

Back 30

The process by which a society's culture is passed on from one generation to the next and individuals become members of their society

Front 31

define Society

Back 31

An organized group or groups of interdependent people who generally share a common territory, language, and culture and who act together for collective survival and well being

Front 32

define Gender

Back 32

The cultural elaborations and meanings assigned to the biological differentiation between the sexes

Front 33

define Subculture

Back 33

A distinctive set of ideas, values, and behavior patterns by which a group within a larger society operates
While still having common standards with that larger society

Front 34

define Ethnic Group

Back 34

People who collectively and publicly identify themselves as a distinct group based on shared cultural feature such as common origin, language, customs, and traditional beliefs

Front 35

define Ethnicity

Back 35

The expression for the set of cultural ideas held by an ethnic group
Rooted in the greek work "ethnikos," meaning "nation"
Related to the greek word "ethnos," meaning "custom"

Front 36

define Pluralistic Society

Back 36

A society in which two or more ethnic groups or nationalities are politically organized into one territorial state but maintain their cultural diffences

Front 37

define Symbol

Back 37

A sound, gesture, mark, or other sign that is arbitrarily linked to something else and represents it in a meaningful way

Front 38

define Social Structure

Back 38

The rule/governed relationships, that hold members of a society together
including households, families, associations, and power relations

Front 39

define Infastructure

Back 39

The economic foundation of a society
Including its subsistence practices and the tools and other material equipment used to make a living

Front 40

define Superstructure

Back 40

A society's shared sense of identity and worldview
Collective body of ideas, beliefs, and values by which members of a society make sense of the world and understand their place in it
Includes religion and national ideology

Front 41

define Cultural Relativism

Back 41

The idea that one must suspend judgment of other people's practices in order to understand them in their own cultural terms

Front 42

define Urgent Anthropology

Back 42

Ethnographic research that documents endangered cultures
Also known as "Salvage Ethnography"

Front 43

define Advocacy Anthropology

Back 43

Research that is community based and politically involved

Front 44

define MultiSited Ethnography

Back 44

The investigation and documentation of peoples and cultures embedded in the larger structure of a globalizing world
Utilizing a range of methods in various locations of time and space

Front 45

define Digital Ethnography

Back 45

An ethnographic study of social networks,"", communicative practices, and other cultural expressions in cyberspace by means of digital visual and audio technologies
Also known as "Cyberethnography" or "Netnography"

Front 46

define Ethnographic Fieldwork

Back 46

Extended on location research to gather detailed and in depth information on a society's customary ideas, values, and practices through participation in its collective social life

Front 47

define Key Consultant

Back 47

A member of the society being studies who provides information that helps researchers understand the meaning of what they observe
Early anthropologists referred to such individuals as "Informants"

Front 48

define Quantitative Data

Back 48

Statistical or measurable information
Such as demographic composition, the types and quantities of crops grown, or the ratio of spouces born and raised within or outside the community

Front 49

define Qualitative Data

Back 49

Non statistical information such as personal life stories and customary beliefs and practices

Front 50

define Informal Interveiw

Back 50

An unstructured, open ended conversation in everyday life

Front 51

define Formal Interview

Back 51

A structured question/answer session carefully notated as it occurs and based on prepared questions

Front 52

define Eliciting Devices

Back 52

Activities and objects used to draw out individuals and encourage them to recall and share information

Front 53

define Theory

Back 53

A coherent statement that provides an explanatory framework for understanding
An explanation or interpretation supported by a reliable body of data

Front 54

define Human Relations Area Files (HRAF)

Back 54

A vast collection of cross indexed ethnographic, biocultural, and archaeological data catalogued by cultural characteristics and geographic location

Front 55

define Idealist Perpective

Back 55

A theoretical approach stressing the primacy of superstructure in cultural research and analysis

Front 56

define Materialistic Perspective

Back 56

A theoretical approach stressing the primacy of infrastructure (material conditions) in cultural research and analysis

Front 57

define Language

Back 57

A system of communication using sounds, gestures, or marks that are put together in meaningful ways according to a set of rules, resulting in meanings that are intelligible to all who share that language

Front 58

define Signals

Back 58

Instinctive sounds and gestures that have a natural or self evident meaning

Front 59

define Linguistics

Back 59

The modern scientific study of all aspects of langauge

Front 60

define Phonetics

Back 60

The systematic identification and description of distinctive speech sounds in a languae

Front 61

define Phonology

Back 61

The study of language sounds

Front 62

define Phonemes

Back 62

The smallest units of sound that make a diffence in meaning in a language

Front 63

define Morphology

Back 63

The study of the patterns or rules of word formation in a language
Including the guidelines for verb tense, pluralization, and compound words

Front 64

define Morphemes

Back 64

The smallest unit of sound that carry a meaning in language

Front 65

what is the difference between Morphemes and Phonemes

Back 65

Phonemes can alter the meaning of a word but posses no meaning by themselves
Morphemes posses their own meaning independently

Front 66

define Syntax

Back 66

The patterns or rules by which words are arranged into phrases and sentences

Front 67

define Grammer

Back 67

The entire formal structure of a language, including morphology and syntax

Front 68

define Language family

Back 68

A group of languages descended from a single ancestral language

Front 69

define Linguistic Divergence

Back 69

The development of different languages from a single ancestral language

Front 70

define Linguist Nationalism

Back 70

The attempt by ethnic minorities and even countries to proclaim independence by purging their language of foreign terms

Front 71

define Sociolinguistics

Back 71

The study of the relationship between language and society though examining how social categories influence the use and significance of distinctive styles of speech

Front 72

define Gendered Speech

Back 72

Distinct male and female speech patterns
Vary across social and cultural settings

Front 73

define Dialects

Back 73

The varying forms of a language that reflect particular regions, occupations, or social classes and that are similar enough to be mutually intelligible

Front 74

define Code Switching

Back 74

The practice of changing from one mod of speech to another as the situation demands, whether from one language to another or from one dialect of a language to another

Front 75

define Ethnolinguitics

Back 75

A branch of linguistics that studies the relationships between language and culture and how they mutually influence and inform eachother

Front 76

define Linguistic relativity

Back 76

The theoretical concept directly linking language and culture, holding that the words and grammer of a language affect how its speakers perceive and think about the world

Front 77

define Gestures

Back 77

Facial expressions and body postures and motions that convey intended as well as subconscious messages

Front 78

define Kinesics

Back 78

The study of nonverbal signals in body language
Including facial expressions and bodily postures and motions

Front 79

define Proxemics

Back 79

The cross cultural study of people's perception and use of space

Front 80

define Paralanguage

Back 80

Voice effects that accompany language and covey meaning
Include vocalizations such as giggling, groaning or signing, as well as voice qualities such as pitch and tempo

Front 81

define Tonal Language

Back 81

A language in which the sound pitch of a spoken word is an essential part of its pronunciation and meaning

Front 82

define Whistled Speech

Back 82

An exchange of whistled words using a phonetic emulation of the sounds produced in spoken voice
Also known as "Whistled Language"

Front 83

define Displacement

Back 83

Referring to things and events removed in time and space

Front 84

define Writing System

Back 84

A set of visible or tactile signs used to represent units of language in a systematic way

Front 85

define Alphabet

Back 85

A series of symbols representing the sounds of a language arranged in a traditional order

Front 86

define Intersexuals

Back 86

People born with reproductive organs, genitalia, and/or sex chromosomes that are not exclusively male or female

Front 87

define Transgenders

Back 87

People who cross over or occupy an intermediate position in the binary male female gender construction

Front 88

define Negative Reciprocity

Back 88

A mode of exchange in which the aim is to get something for as little as possible
Neither fair or balanced
may involve hard bargaining, manipulation, and outright cheating or theft