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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Communication?
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Communication is the creation and transmission of messages that convey meaning and affect behavior among people.
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Three models of Communication
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1 Linear Model (one way message communicated through channels with noise to a sender and a receiver.)
2 Interactive Model (linear + field of experience and feedback) 3 Transactional Model (Field of experience, messages go through noise back and forth without a sender and receiver or feedback) |
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Principles of interpersonal Communication
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1. One cannot NOT communicate
2. communication has a content and a relationship aspect. **meta-communication = communication about communication 3. communication has an ethical aspect |
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Buber's I-it vs. I-thou
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I thou: a way of relating that deepens bonds and affirms individual uniqueness
I-it: viewing the other as an object, leading to impersonal communication |
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Culture
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set of values and beliefs, norms and customs, rules and codes, that socially define groups of people, binding them to one another and giving them a sense of commonality.
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Components of culture
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1) values - standards for what is desirable, good and beautiful
2) norms - rules and expectations that guide behavior 3) language |
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Cultural Difference: 5 dimensions
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1) individualism vs collectivism
2) uncertainty avoidance (high vs low) 3) communication context (high vs low) 4) Power distance (high vs low) 5) masculinity vs. femininity |
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Examples of Nonverbal Taboos
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blinking eyes (impolite taiwan)
gesturing w/thumb up (rude in australia) pointing w/index finger (impolite in China and Middle East) bowing less than host (implies superiority in japan) eating or greeting w/left hand (impolite in many arab culture & indonesia) pointing at someone with index & 3rd finger (wishing evil in african countries) |
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Sex:
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refers to innate, biological characteristics - genitalia, chromosomes and hormones
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Gender:
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is a psychologically and culturally constructed term which varies from culture to culture and over time. It is learned
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Gender roles
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(masculine and feminine) acquired through
parenting, games, toys and media |
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How does Gender influence communication
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1) Verbal communication
expressive vs. instrumental talk linguistic styles (men interrupt, gives directions, women ask questions use disclaimers) 2) Nonverbal Communication touch and body movement emotional communication affectionate behavior |
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Deborah Tannen's Men and Women in Conversation
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Rapport talk vs report talk
Public vs private speaking |
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Characteristics of Language:
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1) Language is symbolic (different characters for the same thing in diff languages)
2) Language is rule-based (constitutive rules and regulative rules) 3) Language is flexible: it differs across group and cultures and evolves over time 4) Language is emotive: 5) Language shapes thought (illustrates existing cultural values and reinforces them |
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Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis:
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1) Language defines our thinking
2) we cannot conceive of that for which we lack a vocabulary 3) differences in grammar and vocabulary affect the way speakers perceive the word |
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Expressive Language Paradigm
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Patients to wrote about deep emotional experiences became healthier
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Why does expressive writing work?
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1) Catharsis
2) Behavior change 3) cognitive restructuring |
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"I" language:
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signifies taking ownership of feelings, opinions or beliefs (important when expressing criticism or negativity)
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"You" Language
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places focus of attention and blame on others
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"We" language:
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Signifies closeness and inclusiveness (important when discussion positive emotions and discussing everyday topics)
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Conversations
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1) interactive
2) local management 3) universal 4) often scripted |
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nonverbal skill correlates with
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a) higher self-esteem and life satisfaction
b) being perceived as attractive and populate c) greater persuasiveness d) higher relationship satisfaction |
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nonverbal communication:
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the intention or unintentional transmission of meaning through non-spoken physical and behavior cues
(uses multiple channels, has fewer rules, can be ambiguous, is influenced by culture) |
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Nonverbal communication codes
1) kinesics |
facial expression
eye contact gestures - -- EMBLEMS - -- Illustrators - -- regulators - -- adaptors Posture (immediacy, power) -straightness of back -body lean (forward, back, vertical) -straightness of shoulders (firm or slumped) -head position (tiled or straight up) |
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Nonverbal communication codes
2) Personal Space (proxemics) 3) Communication through touch - Haptics surrogate monkey mother with felt and other with milk 4) communication through voice - vocalics loudness, pitch, speech rate 5) communication through time - chronemics monochronic polychronic |
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6) communication through objects and the environment
samuel gosling's office & bedroom studies |
identity claims
behavioral residue thoughts/feeling regulators (create certain environments to feel certain ways, like do people create relaxing spaces or types of spaces) |
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7) communication through physical appearance
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physical attractiveness
- halo effect - is biological Facial attractiveness -symmetry -Straightness of profile -proportion -averageness -trustworthiness - baby facedness |
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Self Concept:
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-likes/dislikes
-talents -physical attributes -social roles -emotional states |
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Personality - The "big five" personality traits
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extroverted, introverted
agreeable, antagonistic Open, not open Neurotic, Stable Conscientious, Undirected |
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Social roots of the self:
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Reflected appraisals / the looking-glass self
social comparison - upwards comparison, downwards comparison self-fulfilling prophecies Attachment styles - attachment anxiety (fear of rejection) - attachment avoidance (desire for intimacy) |
