International Relations - Chapt 8

Front 1

What is seen as the primary source of international influence and national security?

Back 1

military strength

Front 2

a state that is able to exercise control over a wide domain of targets and an extensive scope of issues

Back 2

great power

Front 3

intangible resources

Back 3

soft power

Front 4

tangible resources

Back 4

hard power

Front 5

Why has the obstacle of creating nuclear weapons become easier?

Back 5

globalization of scientific training, ineffective technology transfer controls, and easy access to necessary materials

Front 6

Why are acquisition of chemical weapons unavoidable?

Back 6

low cost, easy manufacturing, transport, and delivery

Front 7

What was the most important event distinguishing pre from post WWII international policy

Back 7

dropping of atomic bomb

Front 8

During compellence, what were some advantages the U.S. had?

Back 8

U.S. had clear dominance over Soviet Union, and created nuclear weapons as tools for influence and not for use

Front 9

What forced the compellence stage during the Cold War to end?

Back 9

U.S. faces first nuclear threat with the Soviet launching of the Sputnik

Front 10

assumption that opponents can be convinced to forego an attack if they are shown their efforts would be futile

Back 10

deterrence by denial

Front 11

assumption that the deterrer has the ability to punish adversary if attack is launched

Back 11

deterrence by punishment

Front 12

What are the three main traits to consider for deterrence by punishment?

Back 12

capabilities, communication, and credibility

Front 13

use of force to eliminate a possible future strike, even without a reason to believe that capacity to launch an attack is operational

Back 13

preventive attack

Front 14

use of force to mitigate impending strike

Back 14

preemptive strike

Front 15

incorrect predictions about future aggression by another state

Back 15

false positives

Front 16

What are some factors that affect coercive diplomacy's success?

Back 16

clarity of use objectives
asymmetry of motivation favoring the user
opponents fear of escalation and belief in urgency for compliance
adequate domestic and international support for user
clarity on precise terms of settlement

Front 17

What are some examples of economic sanctions?

Back 17

embargo, tariffs, withholding foreign aid, boycotting products, freezing assets in local banks

Front 18

What are some policy goals of economic sanctions?

Back 18

compliance, subversion, deterrence, international symbolism, and domestic symbolism

Front 19

Are sanctions usually effective in bringing about major changes in policies of target country or in preventing war?

Back 19

no

Front 20

relative capabilities or resources held by a state that are considered necessary to its asserting influence over others

Back 20

power potential

Front 21

concept in decision-making theories that when the occasion arises to use resources, what is gained for one purpose is lost for other purposes, so that every choice entails the cost of some lost opportunity

Back 21

opportunity costs

Front 22

term coined by US president Eisenhower to describe the coalition among arms manufacturers, military bureaucracy, and top government officials that promotes defense expidentures for its own profit and power

Back 22

military-industrial complex

Front 23

the spread of weapon capabilities throughout the state system

Back 23

proliferation

Front 24

international agreement that seeks to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons by prohibiting the further nuclear weapons sales, acquisitions or production

Back 24

nuclear nonproliferation treaty

Front 25

technological innovation permitting many nuclear warheads is to be delivered from a single missle

Back 25

multiple independently-targetable reentry vehicles

Front 26

precision-guided military technology that enables a bomb to search for its target and detonate at the precise time it can do the most damage

Back 26

smart bombs

Front 27

psychological barrier between conventional and nuclear war

Back 27

firebreak

Front 28

expected freeze that would occur in the earths climate from the fallout of smoke and dust in the event nuclear weapons were used, blocking out sunlight and destroying plant and animal life that survived the original blast

Back 28

nuclear winter

Front 29

threat of force aimed at making an adversary grant concessions against its will

Back 29

compellence

Front 30

intentionally taking enormous risks in bargaining with an adversary in order to compel submission

Back 30

brinkmanship

Front 31

policy of responding to any act of regression with the most destructive capabilities available, including nuclear weapons

Back 31

massive retaliation

Front 32

targeting strategic nuclear weapons against an enemys most valued non-military resources, such as the people and insustrys located in its cities

Back 32

countervalue targeting strategy

Front 33

targeting nuclear weapons on the military capabilities of an opponent

Back 33

counterforce targeting strategy

Front 34

strategy designed to dissuade an adversary from doing what it would otherwise do

Back 34

deterrence

Front 35

states capacity to retaliate after absorbing with a first-strike attack with weapons of mass destruction

Back 35

second-strike capability

Front 36

combination of ICBMs, SLBMs, and long-range bombers in a second-strike nuclear force

Back 36

triad

Front 37

system of deterrence in which both sides possess the ability to survive a first strike and launch a devastating retaliatory attack

Back 37

mutual assured destruction

Front 38

body of strategic thought that claimed deterrent treats would be more credible if nuclear weapons were made more usable

Back 38

nuclear utilization theory

Front 39

plan conceived by Reagan administration to deploy an antiballistic missile system using space-based lasers that would destroy enemy nuclear missiles

Back 39

strategic defense initiative

Front 40

quick first-strike attack that seeks to defeat an adversary before it can organize a retaliatory response

Back 40

preemption

Front 41

war undertaken to preclude an adversary from acquiring the capability to attack sometime in the future

Back 41

preventive war

Front 42

use of threats or limited armed force to persuade an adversary to alter its foreign and/or domestic policies

Back 42

coercive diplomacy

Front 43

demand that contains a time limit for compliance and a threat of punishment for resistance

Back 43

ultimatum

Front 44

overt or covert use of force by one or more countries that cross the border of another country in order to affect the target countrys government and policies

Back 44

military intervention

Front 45

secret activities undertaken by a state outside its borders through clandestine means to achieve specific political or military goals

Back 45

covert operations

Front 46

punitive use of trade or monetary measures, such as embargo, to harm economy of enemy state in order to exercise influence over its policies

Back 46

economic sanction

Front 47

condition under which the quantity demanded of a good does not decrease as its price increases

Back 47

inelastic demand

Front 48

propensity of armaments undertaken by one state for ostensibly defensive purposes to threaten other states, which arm in reaction, with the result that their national security declines as their arms increase

Back 48

security dilemma