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116 Cards in this Set
- Front
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Anarchic State System |
No main authority to govern states; self-help (states must fend for themselves); UN is the closest thing to a world government but doesn't really count because states voluntarily join |
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hard power |
economics, military, WMDs, force |
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soft power |
attraction, influence, reputational effects (other states like you so they do what you want them to do or try to emulate your policies and ideals); persuasion instead of force |
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Great Power |
any state that has enough power to influence its region (ie. strong military, WMDs, seat in UN security council, large population, strong economy) |
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Superpowers |
Must have extensive, global reach (not just their region or immediate area); ie. US and USSR in the Cold War, now it's just the US |
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Coercion |
Getting people to do what you want them to do (either through hard power force or soft power persuasion)-must have credible threat for it to work (ie. weapons and military to back up your threat) |
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Polarity |
# of major powers in system (ie. Currently unipolar since US is the only major player in the international system) |
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Sovereignty |
State controls its own internal affairs and also has sole control of its territory |
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Nation-state |
When a state (the government) contains citizens who are overwhelmingly members of the same nation (ie. homogeneous in terms of race, religion, or another identifying factor) ****ex. Japan, North/South Korea**** --Nation-states less common know since there is the melting pot ideology (imperialism led to conquest of states w/ very different demographics) |
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Nationalism |
Political principle that the nation and state should be congruent-often a cause for war (every nation wants a state of its own) |
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Non-state actors |
Intergovernmental organizations (IGOs), terrorist organizations (ie. ISIS), Nongovernmental organizations (ie. humanitarian, economic, political), Multinational Corporations (MNCs) |
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Globalization |
Increased worldwide interconnectedness between different actors/states (ie. technology allows for instant communication) Always losers to this-not everyone benefits from globalization/increased tech (ie. indigenous peoples, environmental issues) |
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Collective good |
Something everyone can use, whether they own it or not (reducing tariffs, cleaner technology to prevent global warming, roads, military alliances) |
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Collective goods problem |
Often times, allies or states want to free-ride (not put in required money/military effort, but still reap benefits) ie. NATO- EU doesn't want to spend required 3% of income on military, but still wants to be a part of it so US can help them out |
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Realism |
War is always a possibility, emphasizes use of power & that states must always balance against other states' power in order to remain secure, self-help (anarchy-no world govt to parent nations); no trust (states will lie/cheat for their own good) |
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Liberalism |
Humans are not inherently flawed/sinful; are capable of helping others; emphasizes cooperation rather than force (Institutions, interdependence, diplomacy); difficult for states to fight each other bc of interdependence {Economic interdependence, Democratic peace theory, Neoliberalism (international institutions)} |
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Constructivism |
More of an approach than a theory; international system is socially constructed (ideas shape how we act); states don't only pursue material self-interests |
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3 Levels of Analysis |
1. State/Domestic (w/in state itself) 2. Individual (based on 1 person- ie. Putin) 3. International System |
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Individual Level |
Does it matter who is making decisions (ie. if Al Gore had won, would we have gone to war in Iraq?) |
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Rational Choice Theory |
Individuals act to maximize their own self-interests |
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Cognitive Psychology |
When someone presents info that contradicts a theory and you ignore their info because it goes against your opinion (ie. stop inviting those dissenters to meetings); Explain away evidence that doesn’t match your course of action |
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Motivational Psychology |
fears, desires, needs |
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Psychobiography |
Idiosyncratic personality traits (ie. Nixon's bipolarity) |
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Group psychology |
groupthink-individuals tend to make decisions in groups that they wouldn't make individually (groups can hype each other up-overly optimistic and more likely to overlook negative consequences); people are less likely to disagree w/ majority |
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Crisis Management |
time constraints, emotional interference, stress |
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State/ Domestic Level |
Character of the state determines behavior (economy, political regime, ideology); identity of state (Marxism, Classical Liberalism, Democratic Peace Theory, Classical Realism, Constructivism) |
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Marxism |
opposed to capitalism, constant search for money causes states to exploit/conquest other states (imperialism) |
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Democratic Peace Theory |
Democracies won't go to war w/ each other |
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Classic Realism |
human nature is greedy/flawed; since states are run by humans, they are also greedy/flawed/incline towards conflict; power is root of all conflict and states want more power |
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Constructivism |
Recognizes ideas are constantly changing & are cause of conflict (ie. US opposition to communism of USSR caused Cold War) |
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Organizational Level |
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Systemic/International Level |
Anarchic ordering principle (no world power to govern individual states); structure can be unipolar, bipolar, multipolar; balance of power (when one state increases, other states try to form alliances to match); bandwagoning (one state is doing well so others join it to benefit) |
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Realist Thinkers |
Machiavelli (pursuit of increasing/consolidatng power); Hobbes (anarchy, constant state of war because people pursue their own self-interests and do whatever they can to achieve them); Morgenthau |
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Principles of Realism |
Anarchy, states are primary actors, power, security dilemma, balance of power, war is always a possibility |
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Anarchy |
Lack of an overarching authority above states; self-help (no one will help you if you can't help yourself) |
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States are primary actors |
rational (always act to maximize their self-interests-power, security); survival, offensive capabilities, have power |
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Power |
Ability to make states do what you want them to do OR to not do what you don't want them to do Hard power-money, military, coercion Soft power-attractiveness of your country's ideals that may convince a state to listen to you Relative power-power in comparison to others |
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Security Dilemma |
One state increases power & makes others less secure; can never know intentions/capabilities of others |
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Balance of Power |
Only way to survive security dilemma (balance against stronger powers-alliances) |
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Bandwagoning |
Alternative to balancing-side w/ powerful actor because they know they are weak and need someone strong to rely on/increase their power |
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War is always a possibility |
Humans are flawed, and those flawed humans run states-therefore, states are flawed and greedy and pursue their interests by using power and force |
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Classic Realism |
Machiavelli, Hobbes, Morgenthau-people are inherently greedy, selfish & power-hungry' drive for power rooted in human nature (therefore states they govern are same way); multipolar world is most stable (more opportunities for effective balancing); domestic level theory |
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Neorealism |
Material power shapes foreign policy (hard power); purely systemic theory (anarchy shapes behavior); multipolarity is least stable |
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Defensive Neorealism |
Proposed by Waltz; security=primary interest of state; states primarily defensive; bipolarity is most stable |
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Offensive Neorealism |
Mearsheimer; states are primarily offensive; power/hegemony is the primary interest; preemptive war-striking before threat is imminent; unipolarity=most stable |
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Balance of Threat Theory (realist) |
Walt; states don't balance against power, they balance against threats (not balancing against states w/ most power, just states who threaten them) ie. Britain is more powerful than Iran, but Iran is threat |
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Hegemonic Stability Theory (realist) |
Hegemon provides order; deters aggression, provides hard currency, promotes free trade; war happens when there is no clear hegemon |
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Power Transition Theory (realist) |
War happens when a rising power surpasses or threatens to surpass most powerful state (the hegemon) |
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What promotes cooperation in intl system? |
Alliances (states will cooperate to balance against a common enemy); institutions (reflection of great power interests) |
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Liberalism |
World has gotten more peaceful |
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Principles of Liberalism |
Peace & cooperation are possible; optimistic about prospects for peace; states are primary actors, but other actors are important; shadow of the future; absolute gains (we can all get richer, more powerful, etc. thru cooperation) |
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Foundations of Liberalism |
Peace & cooperation possible 3 ways: 1. Reciprocity 2. Domestic Character of States (checks and balances) 3. Trade (increases wealth, cooperation, global well-being) |
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3 Strands of Liberalism |
Political: Democratic Peace Theory Economic: Trade=interdependence Social: Contact, diplomacy promote mutual understanding and cooperation |
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Neoliberalism |
Anarchy, states are primary/rational actors, systemic theory; BUT war does not result from anarchy, shadow of the future (cooperation), institutions foster cooperation, reduce transaction costs) |
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Democratic Peace Theory |
Democracies are not more peaceful; democracies do not fight each other; emphasizes domestic character of state (democratic identity); democracies don't fight each other bc leaders know war is unpopular w/ public and it is unjust to fight other democracies |
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Normative DPT |
unjust to fight one another; however, democracies fight non-democracies |
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Institutional DPT |
Domestic constraints (checks and balances; audience costs); costly signaling |
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3 Challenges to DPT |
1. Rarity of war (war is uncommon now, aside from small domestic conflicts) 2. Lack of sound theoretical foundation (democracies in general support peace) 3. Each side must perceive the other as a liberal democracy in order not to fight-perceptions often make tendency to go to war |
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Economic Liberalism |
Trade doesn't prevent states from going to war but may make it less likely; states can change position in system thru economic growth rather than military conquest (military power isn't only route to increased status) |
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Social Liberalism |
Transnational contact promotes understanding (appear less foreign; reduces image of "other"); diplomacy increases trust |
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Constructivism |
Social interaction (world is made up of tangible things like money/weapons as WELL as social forces); social interaction b/t states gives meaning to material goods ie. US fears North Korea having WMDs but not UK because we have a good relationship w/ UK (don't have same meaning) Mutual constitution-structure influences state action; actors affect structure (anarchy, norms, etc); states aren't stuck in a self-help world-can form a govt to escape anarchy (anarchy isn't an essential feature of world) Ideas change over time |
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How does identity impact interests/policies of actors? |
Common identity-states that have similar identities usually get along together |
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Epistemology |
Study of knowledge |
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Positivism |
Objective-can separate self from question w/o bias; value-free; truth; REALISM, LIBERALISM, CONSTRUCTIVISM |
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Post-Positivism |
No objective reality for the observer; observer's bias affects how he'she interprets the world/system; normative, value-laden, no single truth; MARXISM, FEMINISM, POSTMODERNISM |
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Marxism |
Economics drive politics; Relationships among economic classes determine outcomes; capitalists exploit lower classes/third-world countries for their own advantage; DOMESTIC LEVEL OF ANALYSIS; |
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Feminism |
Difference feminism; liberal feminism, postmodern feminism; GENDER influences how people view IR (especially war & security) |
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Liberal Feminism |
-Men and women = -Including women wouldn't change nature of IR -Wasting female talent |
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Difference Feminism |
-Inherent diffs b/t men & women -Women better @ making peace than war -Valorizing unique contributions of women -Masculinity of Realism -Females emphasize interdependence (care for each other despite borders |
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PostModern Feminism |
-gender roles=arbitrary -IR is not male-dominated |
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Nuclear Proliferation: Realism |
Great powers should prevent other powers from developing nukes (maintain BOP); advocate for hard power solutions |
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Nuclear Proliferation: Liberalism |
Cooperative solutions rather than hard power |
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Nuclear Proliferation: Constructivism |
Strengthen norms against proliferation |
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Ethics: Skeptics |
"Might makes right"-morality set by most powerful states; even most powerful follow some morality |
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Ethics: State Moralists |
Society of states w/ certain moral rules |
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Ethics: Cosmopolitans |
Duty to care for all regardless of borders/states; justice for INDIVIDUALS, not states; abolish borders & redistribute goods |
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Hegemonic War |
fight for world control (ie. WWI) |
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Total War |
Waged by 1 state to occupy another; all society mobilized/integrated; society=legit target (WWII) |
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Limited War |
Objective short of surrender & occupation (1991-US vs. Iraq war) |
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Civil War |
Between factions w/in a state; trying to create/prevent new govt
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Individual causes of war: |
Individual centers on rationality; war as means of leverage; reflects cost-benefit analysis of elite; deviations from rationality can be caused by psych theories |
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Domestic causes of war |
Ideologies (capitalism, democracy, communism); generalization about cause of war=problematic; war=universal across societies, cultures, time |
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Systemic causes of war |
Power relations among major actors; existence/failure of IOs; lack of interconnections; Systemic causes good @ explaining spark; not good @ explaining timing/form of war |
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Ideational Causes of War |
Nationalism, Ethnicity, Religion, Ideology |
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Nationalism |
People will die for people/values more easily than they will die for govt; important for development of modern state system (states needed large citizen armies to combat other states they ran into) |
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Ethnicity |
1. Ancient hatred: can't stand each other 2. Elite persuasion: elites construct notion of ethnicity; groups fight 3. Historical conflict: over territory/resources 4. Exploitation/domination-fight to escape subordination 5. Ethnocentrism/genocide 6. Kin-states: source of nationalism (ie. Jews-Israel) |
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Religion |
ie. Fundamentalism, crusades |
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Ideology |
opinion of what relationship b/t govt & governed should look like (Fascism) |
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Interest-based causes of war |
Territory, governmental, economic |
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Territorial Disputes |
One side must lose for other to win (compromise difficult); norm against altering territorial borders by force (sovereignty) UN Law of Sea-no borders are straight-ISSUE Airspace-bring state borders into air |
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Governmental |
Sovereignty- control over entire state w/in existing borders; emphasizes non-interference w/ other states |
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Economic |
less likely to lead to war: 1. Interdependence: war=bad for biz; everyone can get richer together 2. colonialism-exploitation 3. lateral pressure-growing economy calls for more people/resources 4. military industry 5. disparity of wealth-rev 6. drug trafficking |
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WORLD WAR I |
-tech advances (trench warfare; barbed wire; machine guns) -destroyed 3 empires (Turkish, Austro-Hungarian; Russian) -BOP shift-US and Japan emerge -Russian Rev-ideological battle |
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Systemic Realist Causes of WWI |
Rise of German power (navy/economy surpassed GB's) Rigidity of Alliances (Europe=bipolar; no one to balance aggression) |
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Systemic Ideational Causes of WWI |
Rise of Nationalism (Pan-Slavism backed by Russia; threatened nations w/ large Slav pops) Social Darwinism (complacency about peace; only strong selected to survive German neglect of soft power (antagonized great powers-GB w/ navy & economy; France w/Morocco; Russia by backing Austro-Hungarian desire to annex Slavic Bosnia) |
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Domestic level causes of WWI |
Internal crises in Austro-Hungarian & German Empires (weak/corrupt, vulnerable to nationalism) Domestic politics of Germany (war to distract from workers' cries for better conditions) Europeans favored offensive (pressure to strike first; thought WWI would be like Franco-Prussian War) |
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Individual Causes of WWI |
Elites mediocre (Franz Joseph, Nicholas II, Kaiser Willhelm) |
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Deep causes of WWI |
change in structure of BOP; nationalism |
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Intermediate causes of WWI |
complacency about peace; neglect of soft power; mediocrity/idiosyncrasies of leaders |
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Precipitating causes of WWI |
assassination-SPARK |
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Collective Security |
outlaws aggression/offensive war (states come to aid of victims of aggression-deterrent) diff from alliances: involves whole system, not BOP (just deters aggression); coalitions formed in advance; global & universal (no free-riders or neutrals) |
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Weaknesses of League of Nations |
some great powers left out (US, Soviets joined late, Japan left, Germany only member for 7 yrs) states had lot of discretion- veto power states motivated by self-interest (France used Treaty of Versailles to put all blame on Germany; Italy=expansionist) |
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Successes of League of Nations |
Treaty of Lacarno: allowed Germany to join Disarmament talks b/t Bulgaria & Greece US and Russia send observers to League Kellogg-Briand Pact 1928-outlaws war |
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Manchurian Failure (1931) |
Japan takes over Manchuria-creates puppet state Manchuko China appeals to League-Japan=aggressor -League doesn't recognize Japan's control over Manchuria; Japan leaves League |
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Ethiopian Debacle (1935) |
Italy invades Ethiopia-wants to restore Roman Empire -league imposes sanction (boycott Italian goods; no exports of rubber, metal, arms to Italy) BOP wins over collective security-UK needs Italy to balance against rising Germany even tho they disapprove of actions |
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WWII |
Human cost (35-50 mill died) Technology (airforce, A-bombs) Unconditional surrender (germany & Japan) BOP-Europe no longer center Bipolarity-US and SU=main powers |
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Systemic Realist Causes of WWII |
WWI didn't solve German problem (Treaty of Versailles-reparations, total blame on Germany) Power Vacuum-SU and US not in LoN; UK and France too weak; Germany fills void |
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Systemic Constructivist Causes of WWII |
Spread of immoderate ideologies (Fascism and Communism) |
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Individual Causes of WWII |
Hitler's strategy: -regain territory lost in Treaty of Versailles -expand into small neighboring states -expand westward -overreaching phase-lost UK, declared war on US |
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Deep causes of WWII |
Systemic: unfinished biz w/ Germany from WWI; bop |
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Intermediate causes of WWII |
social/ideological productions that produced Hitler; economic & political issues |
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Precipitating causes of WWII |
Hitler's strategies of domination |
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PACIFIC WAR |
Japan's expansionism in East |
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Systemic causes of Pacific War |
Collapse of LoN -Neoliberalism No one to check Japan's expansion |
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Domestic causes of Pacific War |
Shift to militarism in Japan's domestic policy Great Depression-Japan must turn outward Chaos in China invites invasion |
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Individual causes of Pacific War |
General Hideki Tojo-convinced Japan to support Pearl Harbor Roosevelt-confrontational policy (oil embargo/isolation of Japan) |
