Intercultural Communication Vocab

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migrant

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an individual who leaves the primary cultural context in which he or she was raised and moves to a new cultural context for an extended time

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sojourners

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people who move into new cultural contexts for a limited period of time and for a specific purpose, such as study or business

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immigrants

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people who come to a new country, region or environment to settle more or less permanently

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long-term refugees

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people who are forced to relocate permanently because of war, famine or oppression

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short-term refuges

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people who are forced for a short time to move from region or country

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assimilation

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a type of cultural adaptation in which an individual gives up his or her own cultural heritage and adopts the mainstream cultural identity

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separation

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a type of cultural adaptation in which an individual retains his or her original culture while interacting minimally with other groups. Separation may be initiated and enforced by the dominant society

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segregation

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the policy of compelling groups to live appart

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integration

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a type of cultural adaptation in which individuals maintain both their original culture and their daily interactions with other groups

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cultural adaptation

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a process by which individuals learn the rules and customs of new cultural contexts

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uncertainty reduction

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the process of lessening uncertainty in adapting to a new culture by seeking information

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predictive uncertainty

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a sense of uncertainty that stems from the inability to predict what someone will say or do

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explanatory uncertainty

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in the process of cultural adaptation, uncertainty that stems from the inability to explain why people behave as they do

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flight approach

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a strategy to cope with a new situation, being hesitant or withdrawn from the new environment

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fight approach

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a trial- and-error approach to coping with a new situation

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social support

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ties with other people that play a significant part in mediating psychological health over time

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psychological health

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the state of being emotionally comfortable in a cultural context

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functional fitness

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the ability to function in daily life in many different contexts

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intercultural identity

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identity based on two or more cultural frames of reference

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U-curve theory

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a theory of cultural adatation positing that migrants go through fairly predictable phases-

excitment/anticipation
shock/disorientation
adjustment
-in adapting to a new culture

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culture shock

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a relatively short -term feeling of disorientation and discomfort due to the lack of familiar cues in the environment

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W-curve theory

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A theory of cultural adaptation that suggests that sojourners experience another U curve upon returning home

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phenomenological approach

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A research approach that seeks in-depth explanations of human experience

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liminality

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the experience of being betwenn two or more cultural positions

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transnationalism

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the activity of migrating across the borders of one or more nation-states

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multicultural identity

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a sence of in-betweeness that develops as a result of frequent or multiple cultural border crossings

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folk culture

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traditional and non-mainstream cultural activities that are not financially driven

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popular culture

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A new name for low culture, refering to those cultural products that most people share and know about, including television , music, videos and popular magazines

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culture industries

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industries that produce and sell popular culture as commodities

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cultural texts

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popular culture messages whether television shows, movies, advertisements or other widely disseminated messages

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encoding

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the process of creating a message for others to understand

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decoding

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the process of interpreting a message

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reader profiles

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portrayals of readership demographics prepared by magazines

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media imperialism

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domination of control through media

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electronic colonialism

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domination or exploitation utilizing technological forms

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cultural imperialism

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domination through the spread of cultural products

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intercultural relationships

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relationships that are formed between individuals from different cultures

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relational learning

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learning that comes from a particular relationship but generalizes to other contexts

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similarity principle

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a principle of relational attraction suggesting that individuals tend to be attracted to people they perceive to be similar to themselves

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cognitive consistency

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having a logical connection between existing knowledge and new stimulus

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guanxi

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A Chinese term fir relational network

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stage model

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the view that relationships develop in predictable phases over time

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intimacy

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the extent of emotional closeness

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romantic relationships

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intimate relationships that comprise love, involvement, sharing, openness, contentedness and so on

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self-disclosure

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revealing information about oneself

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line of sight

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information about other people's identity based upon visible physical characteristics

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submission style

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a style of interaction for an intercultural couple in which one partner yields to the other partner's cultural patterns , abandoning or denying his or her own culture.

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compromise style

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a style of interaction for an intercultural couple in which both partners give up some part of their own cultural habits and beliefs to minimize cross-cultural differences

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obliteration style

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A style of interaction for an intercultural couple in which both partners attempt to erase their individual cultures in dealing with cultural differences

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consensus style

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a style of interaction for an intercultural couple in which partners deal with cross-cultural differences by negotiating their relationship

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conflict

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the interference between two or more independent individuals or groups of people who perceive incompatible goals, values, or expectations in attaining those ends

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incompatibility

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incapable of existing harmoniously

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interdependent

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mutually dependent

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intercultural conflict

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conflict between two or more cultural groups

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facework

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communication strategies used to "save" our own or someone else's "face" or public image

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direct approach

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a view that the best way to deal with conflict is to use precise and specific language

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indirect approach

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a view that best way to approach conflict is to use vague nonspecific language

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pacifism

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opposition to the use of force under any circumstances

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emotionally expressive approach

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a view that the best way to deal with conflict is by overt displays of feeling

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discussion style

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combines the direct and emotional restrained approaches to conflict

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restraint approach

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a view that the best way to deal with conflict is by hiding or suppressing feelings and emotions

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engagement style

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combines the direct and emotional expressive approaches to conflict

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accommodating style

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combines the indirect and emotional restrained manner

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intermediary

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in a formal setting, a professional third party, such as a lawyer, real estate agent, or counselor , who intervenes when two parties are in conflict. Informal intermediaries may be friends or colleagues who intervene

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mediation

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the act of resolving conflict by having someone intervene between two parties

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dynamic style

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combines the indirect and emotional expressive approaches to conflict

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social movements

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organized activities in which individuals work together to bring about social change

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dialogue

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conversation that is slow, careful, full of feeling, respectful and attentive

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motivation

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as an individual component of intercultural communication competence, the desire to make a commitment in relationship, to learn about the self and others, to remain flexible

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knowledge

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As an individual component of intercultural communication competence, the quality of knowing about one's self , others and various aspects of communication

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self-knowledge

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related to intercultural communication competence, the quality of knowing how one is perceived as a communicator , as well as one's strengths and weaknesses

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other-knowledge

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related to intercultural communication competence, knowledge about how people from other cultures think and behave that will also help you be a better communicator

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linguistic knowledge

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knowledge of other languages besides one's native language or of difficulty of learning a second or third language

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attitudes

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an individual's dispositions or mental sets. As a component of intercultural communication competence, attitudes include tolerance for ambiguity , empathy, and nonjudgmentalism

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tolerance for ambiguity

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the ease with which an individual copes with situations in which a great deal is unknown

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empathy

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the capacity to "walk in another person's shoes"

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transpection

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cross-cultural empathy

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nonjudgementalism

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free from evaluating according to one's own cultural frame of reference

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D.I. E exercise

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A device that helps us determine if we are communicating at a descriptive, interpretive and evaluative level. Only descriptive statements are nonjudgmental

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unconscious incompetnce

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when one communicates without adapting their communication style and not thinking about why it may not be effective

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conscious incompetence

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when one is aware that interaction is not going well but doesn't understand why

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conscious competence

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when one is aware that interaction is going well and understands why

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unconscious competence

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when interaction is going well , but one doesn't have to think about why, as the various aspects of intercultural communication are being used unconsciously

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intercultural alliances

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bonds between individuals or groups across cultures characterized by a shared recognition of power and the impact of history by an orientation of affirmation

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community engagement

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active engagement with communities to improve the lives of those in that particular group, by working together

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Social science approach in adaptation emphasizes

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individual influences and outcomes
Vocab :includes AUM model, transition model, and integrative model

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An interpretive approach in adaptation emphasizes..

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the lived experience and includes the U-curve theory, the W theory, and phenomenological studies

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The critical approach in adaptation emphasizes ...

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1. context
2. social institutions
3. political, historical and social structures

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AUM model

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a. Anxiety and Uncertainty Management Model

b. primary characteristic of intercultural relationships is ambiguity

Vocab:uncertainty reduction,
predictive uncertainty,
explanatory uncertainty

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transition model

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1. experience of transition shock

Vocab flight or fight approach

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integrative model

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1. process of stress, adjustment and growth

2. occurs though communication

3. social support is needed from both cultures

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outcomes of adaptation

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1. psychological health
2. functional fitness
3. intercultural identity

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phenomenological model

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how they experienced and made sense of world

Three parts:
1. taking things for granted
2. making sense of new patterns
3. coming to understand new information

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How migrants develop multicultural identities depends on...

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1. extend to which migrants want to retained their own identity compared with how much they want to be part of a larger group

2. extent to which they have day to day interactions with others

3. the ownership of political power

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popular culture is...

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1. produced by culture industries
2. is not folk culture
3. ubiquitous
4. serves social functions

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Benefits of intercultural relationships

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1. acquiring knowledge about the world
2. breaking stereotypes
3. acquiring new skills

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Challenges of intercultural relationships

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1.stereotypes
2. anxiety
3. others don't understand the relationship

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Personal-Contextual Dialectic

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1. aspects that are personal-consistent in every situation
2. situations where context plays a bigger role

ex: attraction=cultural contexts

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Differences-similarities dialectic

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Vocab: similarity principle, cognitive consistency

Others may seek intercultural relationships for differences

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Cultural-Individual Dialectic

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Communication both cultural and individual

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Privilege-Disadvantage Dialectic

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may be simultaneously privileged and disadvantaged or privileged in one context and disadvantaged in another.

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Static-Dynamic Dialectic

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People and relationships are constantly in flux

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History/Past/ Present/Future Dialectic

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helpful to consider contexts in which relationships occur, historical contexts

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Social Science Approach and Relationships

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1. differences in notions of friendship
2. differences in relational development

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Interpretive Approach in Relationships

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1. Communication in intercultural relationships

Vocab=(self-disclosure: takes relationship to new level)
Intercultural work relationships-power comes into play

(Intercultural relationships online-facilitate and inhibit relationships )

submission,compromise, obliteration and consensus styles

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critical perspective in relationships

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focuses on the institutions, history, and politics of the relationships

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characteristics of conflict

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ambiguity, language issues, contradictory conflict styles

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social science approach of conflict

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how cultural differences cause conflict and influence the management of the conflict, primarily on the interpersonal level

Vocab:facework,
direct appoach,
indirect approach,
emotionally expressive approach,
restraint approach,

combining approaches:
discussion style,
engagement style,
accommodating style,
dynamic style,

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five types of conflict

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1. affective conflict
2. conflict of interest
3. value conflict
4. cognitive conflict
5 goal conflict

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Four intercultural conflict styles

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1. discussion
2. engagement
3. accommodating
4. dynamic

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the choice of conflict styles may be impacted by...

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1.cultural values
2. family influences
3. gender
4. ethnicity

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Interpretive and critical approaches to conflict emphasize...

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inter-group and social conflict
context

vocab=social movements

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social movements

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approach to social change
-often involve conflict and confrontation

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conflict can be...

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productive or destructive

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Strategies for conflict resolution

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1. staying centered

2. maintaining contact

3. recognizing the existence of different conflict management styles

4. identifying a preferred style
5. being creative and expanding ones repertoire

6. recognizing the importance of conflict context

7. being able to forgive

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Social Science Individual components of competence

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1. motivation- no need and uncomfortable, historical context made it hard

2. knowledge- self knowledge and other knowledge, linguistic knowledge

3. Attitudes-tolerance of ambiguity, empathy, transpection, nonjudgmentalism, D.I.E exercise

4. Behaviors and skills- ex. unconscious competence

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Interpretive Perspective of Competence

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competence in contexts -task and social contexts

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Critical Perspective of Competence

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1. competence for whom
2. emphasis on social, political, historical and economic factors

3. consider goals of interaction-why competent?

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applying knowledge in intercultural communication

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1. entering into dialogue

2. becoming interpersonal allies

3. building coalitions

4. working for social justice and personal transformation