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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the basic functions of skin? |
Cover, protect and lubricate body surfaces to protect against injuries of many types, synthesis vitamin D, first line of defense, prevents dehydration, temp regulation, excretes. |
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Be able to locate and name on a diagram. |
Epidermis- waterproof barrier, prevents microbial invasion and prevents water loss. increasingly keratinized. Dermis- thermo regulation, collagen fibers for strength, and elastic fibers for stretching. Hypodermis- loose connective tissue or adipose tissue, insulates, major blood vessels, not classified as a skin layer. Hair Shaft follicle Sebaceous gland (oil) Arrector pili muscle Lamellar corpuscle Adipose tissue
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What four things influence skin color? |
1. The amount of melanin in the epidermis. 2. The amount of carotene deposited in the stratum subcutaneous tissue. 3. The oxygen saturation in hemoglobin. 4. Liver function |
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Cyanosis |
Is the appearance of a blue or purple coloration of the skin or mucus membrane due to tissue at the surface of the skin having low oxygen saturation. |
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Erythema |
Is the redding of the skin due to inflammatory or a group of cells of the immune system & chemicals the cells released. Example: heat exposure, bug bites, infection, sunlight UV, X-ray. |
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Pallor |
Is a pale color of the skin caused by illness, shock, stress, stimulant use, anemia, It's a result of a reduced amount of oxygenated hemoglobin in skin or the mucus membrane. |
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Jaundice |
Yellowing of the skin , caused by an increase of bilirubin in the blood. |
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Hematomas |
When a blood vessel is broken or damaged, blood leaks into the surrounding tissue, coagulated or clotted. Black or blue color, small blood vessels beneath the skin rupture and blood leaks into the soft tissues beneath the skin. |
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What is the physiology of decubitus ulcers? |
Pressure sore
A purple or maroon localized area of discolored intact skin or blood- filled blister due to damage of underlying soft tissue from pressure. |
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What are Two types of cutaneous gland? |
1. Sebaceous glands 2. Sweat glands |
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Sebaceous glands |
Oil gland, are found all over the skin except the soles of the feet and palms of hands. Excretes Sebum = Kills bacteria, prevents hair from being brittle, acts as a lubricant. increased in adolescence |
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Sweat glands |
( Sudoriferous glands) Keep us cool, inhibits bacteria Two types : Eccrine and Apocrine glands |
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Eccrine |
Found all over the body. They produce "Sweat= water & salts" Vitamin C, uric acid, lactic acid, metabolic wastes.
PH 4 to 6
Heat regulation |
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Apocrine |
Found mostly in the axillary (armpit) and genital areas, larger then the eccrine gland, empty into a hair follicle. Secretions contain fatty acids and proteins, milky or yellowish color Function is unknown but activated by nerve fibers during pain/stress or sexual foreplay. |
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Athlete's foot |
Tinea pedis, fungal infection, red and itchy, peeling condition of the skin usually between the toes. |
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Boils (furuncles) |
Inflammation of hair follicles and the sebaceous glands, common on the neck. Caused by a bacterial infection (Staphylococcus aureus) |
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Cold sores |
(Fever blisters) Caused by herpes simplex virus, localized in the cutaneous nerve. Is dormant until activated by emotional upset, fever, UV radiation, found around or on lips of the mouth. |
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Contact dermatitis |
Itching, redness, swelling of the skin that lead into blister's, caused by exposure to chemicals (poison Ivy) Allergic response to sensative individuals. |
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Impetigo |
Pink color, water- filled lesions, around the mouth and nose, they have a yellow crust, will burst and are highly contagious "Staphylococcus or strep infection". |
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Psoriasis |
A chronic condition, Over production of skin cells a cause of reddness and lesions that are dry, silvery scales that itch and burn. Autoimmune disorder, where the person's own immune system attack it's own tissues. Triggered by trauma, infection, hormonal changes and stress.
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First degree burn |
Partial thickness burns
Only the epidermis is damaged, red and swollen, temperary discomfort. heals in 2-5 days Example: sun bun
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Second degree burn |
Partial thickness burns
Effects the epidermis and the upper region of the dermis. Skin becomes red, painful and blisters appear. Regeneration or growth on the epithelium can occur. |
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Third degree burns |
Destroy's the entire thickness of the skin, Also called full- thickness burns. Appears white-gray or blackened, nerve endings are destroyed, not painful, regeneration is not possible. Skin graft must be done. Critical - "infection" and dehydration. |
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Why are burns a serous danger to a person's health? |
A. Dehydration and electrolyte imbalances
B. Infections |
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Lanugo |
Is a fine, soft downy hair that is found on the body of the fetus or NB baby. Sheds before birth at 7-8 months. 1st hair produced by the fetuses hair follicles. |
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Vernix Caseosa |
A waxy/ cheese like white substance found coating the skin of NB. Start's to develop in utero at 18 weeks into pregnancy. |
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Milia |
Are tiny white bumps or small cysts on the skin. Almost always seen on NB babies. Most common on the babies nose, chin and cheeks. |
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Acne |
When hair follicles become plugged with oil and dead skin cells. cause pimples, whiteheads or blackheads. Heal slowly and can cause scarring on the skin |
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Bags and wrinkles |
Mild swelling and puffy under eyes. Aging, muscle weakness, fat migrates forward into lower eyelids. Caused by age, UV light exposure elastin fibers break down, repeated facial expressions, decrease in subcutaneous fat. |
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Baldness or (thinning hair) |
Is caused by age, hormonal factors and medical conditions, thyroid problems, alopecia oreata, scalp infections, skin disorders, cancer, arthritis, depression, heart problems and high BP. hair follicles degenerate. |
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Gray Hair |
When color producing cells stop producing pigment. Naturally occurring hydrogen peroxide also can build up in the hair bleaching it. |
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Name some vascular and hematologic changes that can occur to the skin during pregnancy. |
Spider nevi Non pitting edema Capillary hemangiomas Varicosities
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Spider nevi |
An abnormal collection of blood vessels near the surface of the skin. Looks like a spider's web, around eyes, neck and throat, arms, Fade in PP 2/3 of women affected. |
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Non pitting edema |
Swelling of subcutaneous tissues that can not be indented easily by compression, typically due to a metabolic abnormality. Sodium retention and pressure from the growing uterus. Happens more often in warmer weather. lower extremities, hands, face. |
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Capillary hemangiomas |
Strawberry hemangiomas- a benign orbital tumor of infancy, appears red and 83% occur on the the neck or the head. increased estrogen |
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Varicosities |
Varicose veins are swollen, twisted and sometimes painful veins that have filled with an abnormal collection of blood. Legs, Vulva, pelvis, anus Induced from increased estrogen and pressure increased from the uterus. |
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What are some alterations that can occur in the secretory glands during pregnancy? |
Increased sebaceous gland activity- oily skin, acne, montgomery tubercles enlarge Montgomery tubercles - enlarge Apocrine sweat glands - decrease Eccrine sweat glands - increase Alterations in hair growth - increased in hair loss in PP Pruritus - Itching local, over abdomen, interahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy.
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Pruritus |
Itching of the skin |
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List a few differences a NB integumentary system has vs. a mature adults. |
Pigmentation Thermal qualities Barrier properties Permeability Protective mechanisms Transepideral water loss (TEWL)
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NB pigmentation |
- decreased melanin production - susceptible to UV light - Increased pigment in ear tips, scrotum, line alba and areola are due to maternal and placental hormones. |
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NB Thermal qualities |
-Brown adipose tissue is deposited after 28 weeks gestation. -It allows for non shivering thermogenesis when the neonate is cold stressed. -50-75% of heat loss is radiated off the body -decreased sweating |
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NB Barrier properties |
Term infants have fairly mature barrier against water loss, absorption of chem. pathogens and rapid maturation occurs in first 2 weeks PP. |
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NB Permeability |
More permeable to substances applied to the skin. |
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NB Protective mechanisms |
(bacteriostatic properties) Soaps can disrupt the microbial colonization begins PP as protections against invading pathogens. |
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NB (TEWL) Transepideral water loss |
Very permeable skin, issue with premies |
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Hyper-pigmentation |
Cause: estrogens and progesterone and other hormones, can be effected by sun exposure.
Examples: areolae, genital skin gets darker, chloasma, more freckles, nevi and scars darken.
Changes is connective tissue: increased estrogen, corticosteroids, and relaxin, relax adhesiveness between collagen fibers.
Fade in PP in fair skinned women, some may remain in darker complexions. |
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Striae gravidarum |
stretch marks or scarring of the abdominal skin due to sudden weight gain. caused by estrogen and relaxin. |
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Four cells in the epidermis |
Keratinocytes- produce keratin, a tough fibrous protein that protects the skin.
Langerhans cells - immune cells
Melanocytes- protects from UV light
Merkel cells - A nerve receptor cells at the border between the epidermis and the dermal layer. sense light touch |
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Decubitus Ulcers |
Bed soars, pressure points restrict blood flow, cells begin to die, skin ulcerates. |
