Integumentary System

Front 1

epidermis

Back 1

superficial, thin portion composed of epithelial tissue only

Front 2

dermis

Back 2

deeper, thicker portion composed of connective tissue, and some muscle, nervous tissue.

Front 3

kerationocytes

Back 3

cells that make a lot of keritin, a tough fibrous protein.

Front 4

melaocytes

Back 4

cells that make a pigment called melanin, which contributes to skin colour and absorbs damaging ultraviolet light.

Front 5

langerhans cells

Back 5

skin macrophages that contribute ti immune responses

Front 6

merkel cells

Back 6

sensory cells located in the deepest layer of the epidermis. merkel celss are attached to the end of sensory nerons and give u some of our sense of touch

Front 7

stratum germinativum or statum basale

Back 7

the deepest epidermal lyaer. contains basal cells.

Front 8

basale cells

Back 8

which are stem cells with high mitotic rates
and the ability to differentiate into keratinocytes.

Front 9

stratum spinosum

Back 9

is just superficial to the stratum basale and consists of 8-10 layers fo keratinocytes

Front 10

stratum granulosum

Back 10

3-5 cell thick, in this layer, keratincoytes eventually undergo apoptois (cell death)

Front 11

stratum lucidum

Back 11

a layer of cells found only in areas with thick skin ie: palm of the hands and soles of the feet

Front 12

stratum corneum

Back 12

superficial layer, which consists fo 15-30 layers of flattened dead keratinocytes that are filled with keratin

Front 13

carotene

Back 13

yellow/orange that normally accumulates in epidermal cells.

Front 14

melanin

Back 14

brow/black pigment produced by melanocytes of the stratus germinativum

Front 15

hemoglobin

Back 15

red pigemnt in blood that carries oxygen appears red when it is carrying oxygen and blueish when it is not carrying oxygen. the more blood that is cercualteing the more hemoglobin that is close to the skin surface so it looks more red.

Front 16

papillary layer

Back 16

superfical layer that forms papillae that project between the epidermal ridges

Front 17

reticular layer

Back 17

deeper layer that contains large amounts of collagen and elastic fibers made by fibroblasts

Front 18

hair

Back 18

consists of the shaft, and the root

Front 19

arrector pili muscle

Back 19

muscle that moves hair, making it stand on end

Front 20

exocrine glands

Back 20

are associated with the skin

Front 21

sebaceous glands (oil glansds)

Back 21

secrete sebum, either directly into hair follicles or directly onto the skin suface in some locations of the body.

Front 22

sebum

Back 22

a mixture of fat, cholesterol, proteins, salts and pheromones. provides lubrication, keeps hair and skin soft and pliable, and it can inhibit pacterial growth

Front 23

acne

Back 23

bacterial inflammaiton fo sebaceous glands that usually begins with puberty, when these glands grow in size and increase their production of sebum.

Front 24

sudoriferous glands

Back 24

include eccrine sweat glands and apocrine sweat glands

Front 25

eccrine sweat glands

Back 25

secreate watery sweat with sime solutes directly on the skin surface. they are found in the most of the areas of skin, and they are especially abundant in the skin of the forehead, axillae, palms and soles. sweat reagulates body temperature through evaporation, wash away wastes and harmful chemicals, and discurages bacterial growth.

Front 26

apocrine swear glands

Back 26

also secrete a watery substance, but with some lipids and
proteins which make it more viscous and it is released in hair follicles. They are
abundant in the skin of the armpits, groin, around the nipples and bearded regions of
the face of adult males. These glands are stimulated during emotional stress and
sexual excitement (these are the ones responsible for breaking into a “cold sweat”).

Front 27

ceruminous glands

Back 27

produce a waxy substance and empty into the ear canal. They secrete
cerumen (earwax), a mixture of sebum and wax, which provides a sticky barrier to protect the
ear canal.

Front 28

mammary glands

Back 28

produce milk for nourishment of the young. We will cover these later as
part of the reproductive system

Front 29

tumour

Back 29

swelling

Front 30

rubor

Back 30

redness

Front 31

calor

Back 31

calor

Front 32

dolor

Back 32

pain

Front 33

functio laesa

Back 33

sometimes loss of function

Front 34

Inflammation or the inflammatory response

Back 34

is a localized tissue response to injury that starts with a non-
specific immune response and usually includes a specific immune response (i.e., involvement of antibodies
against specific antigens) and ends normally with tissue healing.

Front 35

mast cells

Back 35

relase mistamine, heparin, porstaglandins, etc...

Front 36

histamine

Back 36

Histamine increases capillary permeability and accelerates blood flow to affected area.

Front 37

deep wound healing

Back 37

Inflammatory phase
Migratory phase
Proliferative phase
Maturation phase

Front 38

Maturation phase

Back 38

the scab falls off when the epidermis reaches its normal thickness. Collagen
fibers become more organized and blood vessels are restored to normal.

Front 39

Proliferative phase

Back 39

the processes begun in the migratory phase continue, with epithelial cells
growing extensively under the scab and more collagen is laid down by fibroblasts.

Front 40

Migratory phase

Back 40

the clot becomes a scab and epithelial cells of the stratum germinativum migrate
beneath the scab to close the wound.

Front 41

Inflammatory phase

Back 41

a blood clot forms to stop bleeding and loosely joins the edges of the wound.
o Mast cells trigger an inflammatory response.