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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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main layers of the skin
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2 main layers - epidermis (outer layer)
- dermis (inner layer) also, SQ layer is below the dermis (see SQ below) |
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difference between topical and transdermal
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transdermal is intended to cause a systemic effect; topical is intended to cause a local effect
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intradermal
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under/into the skin; a parenteral route
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SQ
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subcutaneous; into the fat
slower absorption than IM because fat is less vascular than muscle a parenteral route separates the dermis and the deep fascia around other organs such as bones and muscle contains very few capillaries and no vital organs, hence it is a good site for injection the SQ layer is aka - superficial fascia - hypodermis (needles are sometimes called hypodermic needles) not usually considered part of the integumentary system, but because of its extensive interconnections with the dermis, some texts consider it along with the integumentary system |
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skin signs of poor perfusion
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pale, cool, diaphoretic, cyanosis, poor distal perfusion (cool clammy fingers and toes with long (>2s) cap refill)
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difference between laceration and incision
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laceration is jagged tear of skin; incision is clean tear of skin
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avulsion
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flap of skin torn loose (completely or partially)
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acute arterial occlusion
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sudden disruption of blood flow to an extremity; usually post trauma; associated with long bone fractures; poor skin signs distal to the occlusion
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skin signs of dehydration
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tenting; warm and dry skin; flaking; dehydration often seen in DKA
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skin signs of compensated shock (early sign of shock)
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vasoconstriction of peripheral vessels - pale, cool skin
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skin infection caused by cocaine use
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cocaine "bugs" leads to scratching, which in turn leads to skin infection
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s/sx of DVT
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pain or tenderness
edema warmth at the site cyanosis |
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SQ drugs
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adult epinephrine 1:1000, 0.3mg (for severe asthma; contraindication >40 y.o., hx cardiac)
ped epinephrine 1:1000, 0.01mg/kg (for severe asthma; max dose 0.3mg) |
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SQ injections
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25-27 ga needle
5/8" to 1" depth 45 degree angle into the fat |
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skin signs of respiratory distress
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cyanosis
neonates - persistent central cyanosis peds - central cyanosis that resolves w/O2 |
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skin signs of respiratory failure
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peds - central cyanosis despite O2
- mottling |
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skin signs of ALTE
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color change - cyanosis
- pallor - erythema |
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skin signs of musculoskeletal injury
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pallor
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skin signs of pneumothorax
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diaphoresis
subcutaneous emphysema |
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transdermal drug administration
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sticky patch with slow rate of diffusion
extremely high drug concentration common drugs - scopolamine - nitroglycerin - estrogen - nicotine |
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lines of cleavage
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the pattern of collagen and elastic fibers in the skin;
cuts parallel to the lines of cleavage heal fastest with minimal scarring; cuts perpendicular to the lines of cleavage are pulled open as the cut elastic fibers recoil |
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blood circulation to the skin
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controls thermoregulation
increased blood flow to the skin reduces blood flow to other organs and systems |
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baby fat
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extensive SQ layer of fat found in infants and small children
helps reduce heat loss substantial energy reserve shock absorber |
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hair loss
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about 50 hairs are lost each day in healthy adults (they are eventually replaced - except for you, male pattern baldness sufferers)
sustained losses of over 100 hairs per day usually indicate a problem - drugs - dietary problems - radiation - high fever - stress - hormonal factors related to pregnancy |
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furuncle
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aka boil
a distinctive abscess that occurs when the duct of sebaceous glands become blocked |
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seborrheic dermatitis
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inflammation around abnormally active sebaceous glands
most often occurs in sebaceous glands of the scalp affected area becomes red and usually involves epidermal scaling known as dandruff in adults and cradle cap in infants may indicate - anxiety - stress - food allergies - fungal infection |
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changes in nails
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may indicate
- disease affecting metabolism yellow nails - chronic respiratory disorders - thyroid gland disorders - AIDS pitted and distorted nails - psoriasis concave - some blood disorders |
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aging
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impaired perspiration causes elderly to overheat easily in hot environments, especially in saunas and hot tubs
less melanin increases likelihood of sunburn reduced vitamin D production results in muscle weakness and weaker bones less Langerhans cells increases likelihood of skin infection and immunodeficiency thinner epidermis increases infection and increased skin trauma |
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cutaneous anthrax
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most common form of human anthrax infection
infection produces a local firm edema, and a pustule develops over 1 to 7 days with progressive redness and swelling a fluid-filled vesicle containing bacteria may form, followed by a dry black scab, known as an eschar (which gives the disease its name, Gk. anthrax = charcoal) the eschar is not painful, but swollen and painful lymph nodes occur as the disease spreads |
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inhalation anthrax
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much less common than cutaneous anthrax
after 1-3 days, vague, flu-like symptoms develop rapid spread of bacteria through bloodstream can lead to death within 24 hours |
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anthrax treatment
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common antibiotics
- penicillin - tetracycline - Cipro |
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basal cell carcinoma
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malignant cancer that originates in the stratum germinativum
most common skin cancer metastasis rarely occurs |
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capillary hemangioma
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a raised red birthmark, similar in appearance to raspberry skin
enlarges after birth, but subsequently fades and disappears caused by a tumor in the capillaries of the papillary layer of the dermis |
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cavernous hemangioma
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port-wine stain
typically benign, except CNS cavernous hemangioma, which can only be detected on a MRI, cerebral angiogram, or MRA |
