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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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State 5 functions of skin
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Body temperature regulation, protection, cutaneous sensation, excretion and absorption, Synthesis of Vit D.
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What is the intergumentary system composed of?
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1. skin, 2. hair, 3. nails
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State the 2 main layers of skin, and name the type of tissue each contains.
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1. Epidermis- contains epithelial tissue
2. Dermis- contains connective tissue |
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What are the 4 main types of cell in the upper layer, and what function is each type of cell involved in?
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1. Keratinocytes 90%- involved in protection
2. melanocytes 8% - involved in pigment 3. Langerhans cells - involved in immune function 4. Merkel cells - involved in touch |
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Summarise the changes that occur in the skin with increasing age.
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Acne can develop at puberty b/c of the change of hormones. Wrinkles develop as the collagen and elastin stiffen and lose their elasticity (accelerated by smoking) and the fibroblasts that manufactured and secreted the collagen and elastin decrease in numbers. Langerhans cells and macrophages become less effective so immune resistance reduces. Sebaceous glands shrink so skin gets drier and broken, so more susceptible to infections of skin. Sweat production reduces so elderly more vulnerable to heat. Less melanocytes = grey hair. Increase in size of some melanocytes results in age spots. Walls of skin: blood vessels thicken so less nutrients and O2 get there. Subcutaneous fat is lost. Migration of cells from basal layer to surface is slower so skin is thinner. Skin heals more slowly and is more susceptible to pathological conditions. Hair and nail growth slows and become more brittle.
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What is Acne Rosacea?
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An idiopathic (unknown cause) chronic skin condition seen mostly in fair skinned people between 30 and 60. It affects the skin of the face, especially the nose and the cheeks.
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what may trigger Acne Rosacea?
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It may be inherited and/or may involve an overreaction to normally occurring skin bacteria, but main triggers are: exposure to sunlight, wind and cold temperature. Drinking hot liquids or alcohol, Eating spicy food, menopause, steroidal anti-inflammatory use on the face, emotional stress.
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List factors associated with the development of acne vulgaris.
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Genetic predisposition. Over activity of sebaceous glands leading to blocked ducts. Production of the hormone androgen (at puberty) leading to more sebum production. Presence of a bacterium that triggers inflammation. Environmental factors (eg, some medications and hair product).
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Compare and contracts Acne and boils.
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Boils and acne are similar in that they both are bacterial infections but boils are more serious. Pattern of appearance: boils show one lesion at a time or in a small group, acne spreads over large areas, often face back neck. Virulence: boils are aggressive bacteria and attack healthy tissue, acne is less aggressive bacteria, takes advantage of hospitable sites on body. Symptoms: Boils are extremely painful, acne is mildly painful. Communicability- boils passed on easily, acne only spreads with prolonged contact. Special precautions- boils have local contradiction, may be general contraindication if signs of general infection present, with acne local contraindication, no other precautions necessary.
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What is dermatitis?
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it is an umbrella term meaning skin inflammation that is not infectious.
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What is eczema?
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It is a hypersensitivity reaction where white blood cells inappropriately respond to non dangerous stimuli. releasing molecules like histamine which create an inflammatory response.
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What causes eczema?
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Genetic predisposition, weakened skin, leading to high risk of damage, imbalance in the types of white blood cells resulting in too much inflammatory chemicals, flares may be triggered by local irritation, eg from rough textures, detergents, harsh chemicals, extreme temperatures, excessive sweating.
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What is contact dermatitis?
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it is skin inflammation caused by an externally applied irritant or allergen.
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What causes contact dermatitis?
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It can arise from either a) simple irritation or b) an allergic reaction. In simple irritation the irritant is something that would affect anyone- triggers include prolonged working in water, harsh cleansers, acids, alkalis, continued friction. Cessation of the irritant relieves symptoms. In an allergic reaction- only people who are allergic to a particular trigger have the reaction. Triggers include: nickel (eg watch straps), preservatives in lotions, adhesive on bandages, some perfumes and dyes, latex, poison ivy. It tends to develop several hours after exposure to the trigger.
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What is Psoriasis?
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It is a chronic skin disease in which cells which normally replace every 28-32 days are replaced every 3-4 days. Instead of sloughing off they accumulates into itchy scaly plaques. usually on the trunk, elblows and knees. It is an autoimmune disease.
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How would you recognize psoriasis in a patient?
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Red circular-ish lesions often with a silvery scale on top. Lesions usually on trunk, elbows, and knees or scalp. Have well defined edges. Runs in cycles of flare and remission. Sometimes associated with rheumatoid conditions.
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What are common trigger factors for psoriasis?
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Trigger factors include: emotional stress, bacterial and viral infections, reactions to medication, weather, especially dry, cold winter air. Skin injuries, smoking, hormonal fluctuations.
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What is Herpes Simplex, and how would you recognize it in a patient?
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Herpes simplex is a viral infection resulting in painful blisters on a red base. Apart from the obvious blisters, the patient may report a period of 2 or more days itching or tingling or pain. The blisters are usually located around the mouth (type 1 or oral herpes/cold sores), or the genitals (type II). Blisters usually crust over and disappear within 2 weeks. Genital herpes may also be associated with fever muscular aches, swelling in the inguinal lymph node, and difficult or painful urination.
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What is Herpes Zoster?
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Herpes zoster is an infection of the nervous system by the virus Varicella Zoster.
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How might a person with herpes zoster present?
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the virus targets the dendrites at the ends of sensory neurons. The first infection results in chickenpox. The virus then remains dormant in the body only to resurge as shingles when the person's immunity is reduced for some reason. The person may present with painful, itchy blisters. In chicken pox they may be all over the body, but in shingles they may appear as a line along a dermatome (area of skin supplied by a spinal nerve) ie along a diagonal line along the trunk, buttocks or upper leg. The pain may continue long after the blisters have disappeared. The blisters may affect the eye. It's nearly always unilateral.
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What might trigger an attack of shingles?
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Triggers may include: stress, old age, impaired immunity because of other diseases.
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describe two common presentations of Athlete's foot (tinea pedis)
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1. burning and itching often between the 3rd and 4th digits. Weeping blisters, cracking peeling skin, possibility of secondary infection. 2. Dry, scaly, itchy lesions on the heel and sole of the foot - 'moccasin distribution'.
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What are warts and verrucae?
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warts are small benign growths caused by varieties of human paillomavirus (HPV) that invade karatinocytes in the skin and some mucus membranes. HPV is a group of over 100 pathogens associated with several types of human warts. Common warts- verucca vulgaris- usually appear on the hands and knees and elbows. Plantar warts, myrnecia are warts that grow on the soles of the feet.
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What is a burn? List 3 things other than heat that can cause burns. What bodily functions might be compromised by a severe burn?
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A) damage to the skin that kills cells. Other causes include, Electricity, chemicals, radiation. Some functions would be: regulation of temperature, control of fluid loss, protection from microbial invasion, provision of sensory information.
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What are varicose veins, and why do they occur?
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they are permanently distended, twisted veins, they all look ropey. Most often in the legs. IT happens when veins aren't strong enough and the valves that help blood flow against gravity are compromised. Then blood collects, the vein gets weaker, stretched and distorted and a varicose vein is born. When valves in the superficial veins weaken that is when the problems start. Can be from long hours standing.
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What are piles? what are the risk factors for piles?
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Piles are hemmorhoids which are essentially varicose veins that are in the lining of the anus and lower rectum they however unlike V.V.s do reverse and go away. Causes include constipation, pregnancy (the pressure of the baby laying on the rectum), ageing - lining of anus becomes less supportive, hereditary- some people just have a weakness. Big risk of complication- grade 3/4 hemmorhoids, that a blood clot could form in the hemmorhoid. It is uncommon but very painful.
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Compare and contrast leg ulcers and bed sores.
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Leg ulcer: most common leg ulcer. Develop from high blood pressure in veins or legs which damages the skin which breaks down and forms an ulcer. Inside pressure presses out to make ulcer. 2. Pressure ulcer, which is a bedsore. Skin and underlying tissue breaks down when an area of skin is under pressure. Can range from discolored skin to open wounds that expose the underlying bon/muscle. The pressure disrupts the flow of blood through the skin. (Outside pressure in causes the problem)
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How do scars form? What is the connection between scars and stretch marks?
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Skin gets wounded/hurt, the body repairs itself with protien collagen. Permanent but fades over time. Stretch marks - skin stretches- the dermis breaks, people with high levels of collagen in skin are less likely to get them. Correction is collagen.
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