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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Arteries |
Transport gases, nutrients, and other essential substances to the capillaries |
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Arterioles |
Considered resistance vessels, assist with regulating blood flow through contraction and relaxation |
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Capillaries |
Nutrients and waste products are exchanged between the tissue and blood |
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Venules |
Collect blood from the capillary beds, also assist with regulating blood flow through contraction and relaxation |
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Veins |
Collect blood from the venules and return it to the heart |
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Tunica intima |
Inner most layer of artery |
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Tunica media |
Middle and thickest layer of artery |
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Tunica adventitia/externa |
The outer layer, also contains the vasa vasorum |
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Vasa vasorum |
The blood supply within the blood supply, network of small vessels that supply the walls of large blood vessels |
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Brachiocephalic trunk (innominate) artery consists of.. |
Bifurcates into the right subclavian and right CCA |
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What are the first branches of the aorta? |
The coronary arteries: innominate, left CCA, and left subclavian |
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The subclavian artery terminates.. |
In the axiallary artery at the border of the first rib |
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Deep palmar (volar) arch |
Courses along the palm of the hand, source is the radial artery. Not always complete |
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Superficial palmar (volar) arch |
Courses along the back of the hand, source is the ulnar artery with contribution from radial |
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The celiac artery supplies.. |
The stomach, liver, pancreas, duodenum, and spleen |
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The celiac trunk divides into.. |
The left gastric artery, common hepatic artery, and splenic artery |
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The SMA supplies.. |
The stomach, cecum, and parts of the colon |
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The SMA and celiac may.. |
Have a common trunk |
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What are the 2 potential collateral connection between the SMA and IMA? |
Marginal artery of the colon (of drummond) and arc or riolan |
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Major branch of the deep plantar artery.. |
Penetrating the sole of the foot as it unites with the lateral plantar artery to complete the plantar arch |
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What causes blood to move through the circulatory system? |
Movement of any fluid requires a pathway and a pressure/energy differential |
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Resistance vessels |
Small arteries and arterioles pressure falls to 25 to 30 mmhg |
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Flow |
How much blood is moving, volume liter/min |
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Velocity |
How fast is blood moving cm/sec |
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Blood moves from regions of ____ energy to regions of ____ energy |
Higher, lower |
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Potential energy |
Stored energy, this energy is released when walls recoil, elastic recoil is a major form of energy |
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Kinetic energy |
Motion energy, comes from the movement of blood |
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Gravitational energy (hydrostatic pressure) |
The weight of the column of blood from the heart to level where the pressure is measured |
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Friction |
Losses occur when one object runs against another |
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Viscosity |
The thickness of a fluid |
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Inertia and momentum |
Once flowing, blood cells will tend to travel in a straight line unless acted upon by external forces or constraints |
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Laminar flow |
Fluid particles flow smoothly in an organized manner and are arranged in evenly layered streamlines |
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Boundary layer |
The layer of fluid among the vessel wall |
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What are the 2 types of laminar flow? |
Plug flow and parabolic flow |
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Plug flow |
Streamline velocities that are similar from wall to wall along the flow profile |
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Parabolic flow |
Flow is faster in the streamlines at the center of the vessel due to the drag of the wall on the blood |
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Disturbed flow |
Disruption of the streamlines may ot may not be disease |
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Turbulent flown |
Flow with varying direction associated with disease |
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Reynolds number |
Predicts stable flow, <1500 means laminar, >2000 means turbulent |
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Resistance is ____ proportional to viscosity |
Directly |
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Resistance is _____ proportional to the vessel radius |
Inversely |
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What is the resistance formula? |
R=8 n L / 3.14 r ^4 |
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Resistance is _____ proportional to length |
Directly |
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Poiseuilles law |
Flow (Q) = pressure (P) / resistance (R) |
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Poiseuilles equation |
Q = (P1-P2) 3.14 r^4 /8nL |
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What does the dicrotic notch represent? |
Aortic valve closure |
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High resistance flow |
Typical of vessels supplying most peripheral vascular beds: arms, legs, etc. Little or no diastole |
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Low resistance flow |
Typical of vessels supplying organs with high metabolic rate: brain kidneys, etc. Forward diastolic flow |
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Law of conservation of mass |
Q = A x V |
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_____ and velocity are inversely proportional |
Area |
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Proximal to stenosis flow may or may not be... |
Dampened depending upon severity |
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At the stenosis... |
Velocity increases, the flow becomes disorganized, spectral broadening |
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Post stenosis.. |
Turbulence is present |
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What's a landmark for the external iliac artery? |
Psoas major muscle |
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Hemodynamically significant stenosis |
On that causes a notable reduction in flow and pressure. 50% diameter reduction |
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50% diameter reduction = ? |
75% area reduction |
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Bernoullis principle |
Total energy = pressure + kinetic energy + gravitational energy |
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Velocity and _____ are inversely related |
Pressure |
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Velocity is the highest at what point in the stenosis? |
Directly at the stenosis |
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Pressure is highest at what point in the stenosis? |
Before and after the stenosis |
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Auto- regulation |
The ability of most vascular beds to maintain a constant blood flow |
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Vasodilation |
Allows for constant blood from volume when blood pressure drops |
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Vasoconstriction |
Allows for a steady blood flow volume when blood pressure rises |
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Sympathetic nervous system |
Controls vasoconstriction and vasodilatation |
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_______ may supply sufficient blood volume to maintain peripheral resistance |
Collateral arteries |
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The strength of the returning US is dependent upon the ___ and ___ |
Tissue interfaces and angle of insonation |
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The strongest reflection occurs when the beam strikes and interface at _____ |
90 degrees |
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13 microsecond rule |
The amount of time it takes a US beam to travel 1 cm into tissue and come 1 cm back |
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Doppler shift |
The difference between the wave frequency directed into the tissue and what returns. Relative difference between observer and target |
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Doppler equation for frequency |
Df = 2 fo V cos ○/ C |
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Doppler equation for velocity |
V = Df C / 2 fo cos ○ |
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Doppler angle for vascular applications is.. |
60 degrees or less |
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Continuous wave Doppler |
Has no range or depth resolution (no image), does not alias |
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Analog |
Uses a zero- crossing frequency detector, estimates and displays the frequencies present in the reflected wave, average |
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Digital CW |
More accurate, less noise, more common in duplex scans, displayed on x and y axis |
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Pulsed wave Doppler |
Single P E crystal, has range and depth resolution, pulse and listen cycles, PRF |
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Pulse repetition frequency (PRF) |
The number of pulses per cycle |
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Fast fourier transfer (FFT) |
Analyzes and displays all the frequencies moving through the sample area |
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Color Doppler |
Displays a mean frequency, allows rapid survey of large tissue areas |
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Color flow toward the transducer is... |
Always on top |
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Flow away from the transducer is.. |
Always on the bottom |
