Integumentary System

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The integumentary system is composed of:

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Skin, hair, oil and sweat glands, nails and sensory receptor

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(also known as the cutaneous membrane or integument)covers the external surface of the body and is the largest organ of thebody in both surface area and weight.

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Skin

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Two main parts of skin

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Epidermis and dermis

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Epidermis four principal types of cells

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Keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cell, merkel cells

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The superficial, thinner portion which is composed of epithelial tissue

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Epidermis

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Parts of skin that is The deeper, thicker connective tissue portion

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Dermis

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How many percent do epidermal cells are keratinocytes, which are arranged in four or five layers and produce the protein keratin.

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90%

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How many epidermal cells are melanocytes, which produces thepigment melanin.

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8%

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yellow-red or brown-black pigment that contributes toskin color and absorbs damaging ultraviolet (UV) light.

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Melanin

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least numerous of the epidermal cells.

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Merkel cell

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They are located in the deepest layer of the epidermis, where theycontact the flattened process of a sensory neuron (nerve cell)

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Merkel disc

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Epidermis four strata or layer

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Stratum basale

Stratum espinosum

Stratum corneum

Stratum granulosum

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The deepest layer of the epidermis is the stratum basale, composed of a single row of cuboidal or columnar keratinocytes.

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Stratum basale

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Superficial to the stratum basale is the stratum spinosum, arranged in 8 to 10 layers of many-sided keratinocytes fitting closely together.

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Stratum spinosum

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At about the middle of the epidermis, it consists of three to five layers of flattened keratinocytes.

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Stratum granulosum

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present only in the thick skin of areas such as the fingertips, palms, and soles.

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Stratum lucidum

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consists on average of 25 to 30 layers of flattened dead keratinocytes.

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Stratum corneum

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Dermis is divided into 2

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Superficial papillary region and deeper reticulum region

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A type of makes up about one-fifth of the thickness of the total layer. It consists of areolar connective tissue containing thin collagen and fine elastic fibers.

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Superficial papillary region

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A type of dermis which is attached to the subcutaneous layer, consists of dense irregular connective tissue containing fibroblasts, bundles of collagen, and some coarse elastic fibers.

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Reticulum region

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The combination of this in the reticulum region provides the skin with strength, extensibility (ability to stretch), and elasticity (ability to return to original shape after stretching).

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Collagen and elastic fibers

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are present on most skin surfaces except the palms, palmar surfaces of the fingers, the soles, and plantar surfaces of the feet

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Hair or pili

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superficial portion of the hair, which projects above the surface of the skin.

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Shaft

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the portion of the hair deep to the shaft that penetrates into the dermis, and sometimes into the subcutaneous layer.

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Root

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The shaft and root of the hair both consist of three concentric layers of cells:

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Medulla, cortex and cuticle of the hair

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the outermost layer, consists of a single layer of thin, flat cells that are the most heavily keratinized

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Cuticle of the hair

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Surrounding the root of the hair and which is made up of an external root sheath and an internal root sheath, together referred to as an epithelial root sheath.

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hair follicle

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The dense dermis surrounding the hair follicle is called

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Dermal root sheath

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plates of tightly packed, hard, dead, keratinized epidermalcells that form a clear, solid covering over the dorsal surfaces of thedistal portions of the digits.

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Nails

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Each nail consists of

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Nail body, free edge and nail root

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the visible portion of the nail.

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Nail body

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the part of the nail body that may extend past the distal end of the digit. The free edge is white because there are no underlying capillaries.

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Free edge

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the portion of the nail that is buried in a fold of skin.

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Nail root

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The whitish, crescent-shaped area of the proximal end of the nail body is called

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Lanula

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The proximal portion of the epithelium deep to the nail root and where cells divide by mitosis to produce growth.

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nail matrix

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simple, branched acinar glands and they are connected to hair follicl3

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Sebaceous gland

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secrete an oily substance called sebum, a mixture of triglycerides, cholesterol, proteins, and inorganic salts.

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Sebaceous glands

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There are three to four million sweat glands. The cells of these glands release sweat, or perspiration, into hairfollicles or onto the skin surface through pores.

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sudoriferous glands

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Sudoreferious two main types

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Eccrine and apocrine

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also known as merocrine sweat glands, aresimple, coiled tubular glands that are much more common thanapocrine sweat glands. Its coiled tubular glands.main function is to help regulate bodytemperature through evaporation.

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Eccrine sweat glands

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coiled tubular glands, sweat contains the same components as eccrine sweat plus lipids and proteins.

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Apocrine sweat glands

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Modified sweat glands in the external ear, produce a waxy lubricating secretion.

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ceruminous glands

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Function of Skin

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• Thermoregulation• Blood reservoir• Protection• Cutaneous sensations• Excretion• Synthesis of vitamin D