Integumentary And Immune Systems

Front 1

Which cells is dormant until specifically being activated?

Back 1

B-cells
Remain dormant in the lymph nodes until activated by an antigen for which the lymphocytes are specific to.

Front 2

What is Cytotoxic T cells?

Back 2

• Destroys infected cells and cancer cells.

• T-cells mature in thymus (near the heart).
• Specific immune system.

Front 3

What is the Helper T- cells?

Back 3

• Stimulates both humoral and cell-mediated immunity.
  
• Activate both B and T cells.
• aka. Natural killer cells.
• same as killer T but non-specific.

Front 4

Tell me about Macrophages?

Back 4

- Phagocytic cells, that engulf and destroy microbes.
- When Pathogens are ingested. Pathogens are broken down into polypeptides fragment. These polypeptides fragments are displayed by MHC II molecules on the surface of the cell.

Front 5

What is the structure of an Antibody?

Back 5

Antibodies are composed of four proteins subunits.

Activated B cells secrete antibodies thus they will have more rough ER.

Front 6

Macrophages insight?

Back 6

Specialized cells that engulf bacteria and dead cells via phagocytosis and destroy the cellular material via digestive enzymes and reactive forms of Oxygen.

Lots of Lysosomes.

Front 7

What is nonspecific defense?

Back 7

Constitutes the first line against infection.
Examples are:
- Lysosome in tears.
- Intact skin (epidermal cells).
- Hydrolytic acids produced by gastric glands.

Front 8

What are T-cells?

Back 8

• Part of the specific immune response and recognize virally infected cells, and stimulate the rest of the immune system.
  
• T-cells mature in thymus (near the heart).
• Specific immune system.
  

Front 9

Type of Defense?

Back 9

Anatomic (skin and tears)
Physiological (temp and pH)
Phagocytic (neutrophil)
Inflammatory (vasodilation)

Front 10

What are part of the immune system?

Back 10

- Various Chemicals:
clotting cascade, antibodies, signaling cytokines, complement systems.

- Various Cells:
Phagocytic microglia.

Front 11

What is an opportunistic pathogen?

Back 11

Pathogens that normally do NOT harm their hosts but can do so when their host's immune systems are compromise or other unusual circumstances exist.

Front 12

What tissue type is the origin of leukocytes?

Back 12

All Blood cells originate in the bone marrow.

Front 13

What are characteristics of B-cell?

Back 13

• B-cells use their antigen-specific surface receptors to bind to antigens.
• B cells secrete particles with receptors specific to certain antigens.
• B cells produce and release soluble copies of the B-cell receptor proteins.
  
• Mature in Bone Marrow

Front 14

Characteristics of Antibodies?

Back 14

• Antibodies bind to antigen by both coating them and flagging them for destruction.
• The term antibody and immunoglobulin can represent the same entities.
• Antibodies help attract other cells phagocytize the antigen.

• Antibodies cause other antigens to clump together and form large, insoluble complexes.
  
• aka. Globulins

Front 15

What areas of the body do Antibodies don't typically have access towards?

Back 15

The Eye and sort of the Blood Brain Barrier.

(usually antibodies can travel to most part of the body in circulation).

Front 16

What is Humoral Immunity?

Back 16

Involves the production of antibodies. Which originate from B-cells and are complex proteins that recognize and bind to specific antigens to trigger the immune system to recognize them.

Front 17

What are white blood cells?

Back 17

Mostly Leukocytes but they are 5.

• Basophils
• Eosinophils
• Neutrophils
• Monocytes
• Leukocytes.

Front 18

Eosinophile

Back 18

Part of Granulocytes

• Combat infection from parasite.

Front 19

Basophils

Back 19

Part of Granulocytes

• Inflammatory response by releasing histamine

Front 20

Neutrophile

Back 20

Part of Granulocytes

• Phagocytic cells.

Front 21

Monocytes

Back 21

• Macrophages- Phagocytic cell
  
  
• Dendritic Cells- Messenges

Both present antigen to B and T cells.

Front 22

No Antibodies

Back 22

• Organism cannot produces a specific immune response to pathogens.

Front 23

Histamines

Back 23

Responsible for allergic symptoms.

• Inflammatory immunes response.
• Needs to bring more blood to injured area, how? through VASODILATION (opening of blood vessel to increase blood flow).

Front 24

Hemophilia

Back 24

Genetic disease in which sufferers lack one of the agents involved in clot formation.

Front 25

Lymph Nodes

Back 25

Lymph nodes are swelling along lymph vessels containing phagocytic cells (leukocytes) that filter the lymph.

• 
  

Front 26

Hemoglobin

Back 26

• The liver breaks down hemoglobin and uses the components to produce bile salts.
  
• Found in RBC, carries Oxygen.

Front 27

Responses: Humoral vs.Cellular

Back 27

Both are SPECIFIC immune response:

• Cellular response is directed against pathogens that have entered body cells.
  

• Humoral response is directed against free floating ANTIGENS. (not entered body yet)

Front 28

Transfer of Antibodies

Back 28

• Passive Immunity= Transfer of antibodies.
  
  
  
• Naturally immunity is the passages of antibodies from mother to fetus.
  
  
  
• Artificially immunity different individuals.

Front 29

Suppressor T cells

Back 29

Regulate the activity of B and T cells.

Front 30

Antigens

Back 30

Any substance presented to the lymphocytes as part of the adaptive immune response.

• Are generally proteins.
• Can be self or non-self
• Novel or familiar

Front 31

Immune System- Innate vs Adaptive

Back 31

Innate Immunity

• Non- specific/ general
  
• Antigen detected, innate first to respond
• Inflammation/ Clotting

Adaptive Immunity

• Slow response at first.
• Creates memory cells for faster response.
• T and B cells/ very specific.