Integrated Science 11 - Unit 2

Front 1

Thermodynamics

Back 1

the study of heat & its relationships to mechanical energy

Front 2

First Law of Thermodynamics

Back 2

a statement of energy conservation; when energy is converted to work, some of this energy must be converted to heat

Front 3

Second Law of Thermodynamics

Back 3

natural processes proceed toward a greater state of disorder; entropy will increase

Front 4

Relative Humidity

Back 4

water vapor in air
------------------------------ x 100
capacity at present temperature

Front 5

4 Factors that affect the rate of evaporation

Back 5

Temperature, Surface Area, Amount of Vapor Near Surface of Liquid, Atmospheric Pressure

Front 6

Evaporation

Back 6

a process that can occur at any given temperature from the surface of a liquid where the molecules of a liquid become a gas

Front 7

Condensation

Back 7

a process that can occur at any given temperature where attractive forces capture gaseous molecules and become a liquid

Front 8

Saturation

Back 8

the point where the air above a liquid is __________; when evaporation and condensation rates are equal

Front 9

Latent Heat of Fusion

Back 9

the heat involved in a solid-liquid phase change where there is melting or freezing

Front 10

Latent Heat of Vaporization

Back 10

the heat involved in a liquid-gas phase change where there is evaporation or condensation

Front 11

Potential Energy

Back 11

Latent heat goes into increasing a material's _______________.

Front 12

Radiation

Back 12

the transfer of heat from radiant energy from a place of higher temperature to a place of lower temperature

Front 13

Conduction

Back 13

the transfer of energy from molecule to molecule

Front 14

Convection

Back 14

the transfer of heat by a large group of molecules with an increased kinetic energy moving from one place to another

Front 15

Specific Heat

Back 15

the amount of heat needed to increase the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree Celsius

Front 16

Two general ways that heating occurs

Back 16

1.) a temperature difference
2.) gaining internal energy from an energy conversion

Front 17

calorie

Back 17

the amount of energy (or heat) needed to increase the temperature of 1 g of water 1 degree Celsius

Front 18

Calorie

Back 18

1000 calories

Front 19

Heat

Back 19

a measure of the internal energy that has been absorbed or transferred from one body to another

Front 20

External Energy

Back 20

total potential & kinetic energy of an object

Front 21

Internal Energy

Back 21

total potential & kinetic energy of the molecules of an object

Front 22

Absolute Zero

Back 22

the lowest temperature possible where random motion of molecules is at a minimum

Front 23

Temperature

Back 23

a measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules making up the substance

Front 24

Thermometer

Back 24

a device uswed to measure temperature

Front 25

Liquid

Back 25

A phase of matter where the cohesive forces are weak enough to allow it to flow

Front 26

Gas

Back 26

A phase of matter where there are weak cohesive forces and random motion of the molecules

Front 27

Plasma

Back 27

a phase of matter that is found at extremely high temperatures like at the center of suns & stars

Front 28

cohesion

Back 28

attractive forces that exist between the same type of molecules

Front 29

adhesion

Back 29

attractive forces that exist between different types of molecules

Front 30

element

Back 30

pure substances that are made up of similar groups of atoms

Front 31

compound

Back 31

a pure substance that is composed of two or more elements joined together in definite proportions

Front 32

molecules

Back 32

these make up compounds and are the smallest particle of the compound that can exist and still retain the properties of that compound

Front 33

Democritus

Back 33

developed the idea of the "atom"

Front 34

The Kinetic Molecular Theory

Back 34

a collection of assumptions that helps us explain the relationships between heat, temperature and energy

Front 35

Coal

Back 35

an energy source formed from the acculmulation of plant materials

Front 36

Peat

Back 36

the carbon-rich material from which coal is produced; it requires pressure and high temperature

Front 37

Petroleum

Back 37

an energy source from the organic sediment (tiny decaying organisms) that eventually seep into and is stored in certain types of rocks

Front 38

Law of Conservation of Energy

Back 38

Energy is never created or destroyed; it is converted from one form to another but the total energy remains constant.

Front 39

Five Forms of Energy

Back 39

mechanical, chemical, radiant, electrical, nuclear

Front 40

Radiant energy

Back 40

energy of the electromagnetic spectrum

Front 41

Mechanical energy

Back 41

usually catagorized into potential and kinetic energy of objects

Front 42

Chemical energy

Back 42

potential energy that is stored and later released during chemical reactions

Front 43

Electrical energy

Back 43

energy that travels through wires

Front 44

Nuclear energy

Back 44

energy source from the nucleus of an atom

Front 45

Energy

Back 45

the ability to do work

Front 46

Potential Energy

Back 46

the energy an object has because of its position

Front 47

Zero level

Back 47

an arbitrary reference point where height is measured to when calculating potential energy

Front 48

Kinetic energy

Back 48

the energy of motion

Front 49

Power

Back 49

the rate at which energy is transferred

Front 50

Power

Back 50

the rate at which work is done

Front 51

Work

Back 51

the product of the applied force and the parallel distance through which the force acts