Insect Ecology Part 2 Of 2

Front 1

What phylogenic clade do spiders belong to?

Back 1

Arthropoda chelicerata

Front 2

What are the main features of spider anatomy and how are they different from insects?

Back 2

Unlike insects, Spiders have 8 legs (not 6) and they have two body segments (cephalothorax, abdomen). Spiders do not have antennae but other specialized sensory organs. Spiders are also wingless. Spiders have two specialized appendages (Chelicerae, pedipalpi) which serve as a replacement for antennae and feeding manipulation and reproduction.

Front 3

What are some behavior adaptations that opiliones (daddy long legs) use for protection?

Back 3

They aggregate in number for protection, play dead (Thanatosis)

Front 4

What is the order that mites belong to? And what are the name s of the specialized structures or appendages?

Back 4

Acarina , and mites have modified mouthparts called chelicerae, fedipalpi. The Varroa mite feed on bee larva and honey bee nymphs

Front 5

What are some of the specialized features of the scorpions?

Back 5

Have a specialized palpi tail that is an extension of last body segment, mating dances, and they give birth to live young (parthenogenic)

Front 6

Name two examples of mimicking behaviors for spiders

Back 6

1. The family mimetidae pray on other spider by mimicking captured pray on web or mimic courtship to capture prey.
2. Ant mimicking spiders (mymecomorphy).

Front 7

What is so weird about the jumping spider (salticidae) who mimics ants?

Back 7

Well, these spiders have never been observed attacking the ants they mimic so a more plausible explanation is that these spiders are buying insurance for not being attacked by other pray like wasps, birds, and other predators.

Front 8

What are the two types of venom

Back 8

neurotoxin (blakc widow) and hemotoxin (brown recluse)

Front 9

True or false, do most insects have gradual changes in body form and what is that called

Back 9

True, hemimetaboly.

Front 10

What is the difference between hemimetaboly and holometaboly?

Back 10

Hemi is a gradual change in body form while holometaboly is abrupt changes such as, wingless to winged. Immature stages are called nymphs and larvae respectively.

Front 11

What are the differences in the two layers of Cuticle found in insect?

Back 11

The top layer (epicuticle) is the thin waxy water resistant layer while the inner layer (procuticle) contains chitin

Front 12

What is Chitin?

Back 12

Is a derivative of glucose can be found in two forms in its pure form it is leathery or modified in a hardened proteinaceous matrix (sclerotization)

Front 13

Where is the majority of the insects material held?

Back 13

In procuticle, more specifically in the endocuticle.

Front 14

What are the three ways insects form pigments?

Back 14

By own metabolism, sequestering from plant source, or microbial endosymbionts

Front 15

What insect orders have fully functional wings in the immature stages?

Back 15

Ephemeroptera

Front 16

Give examples of sexually dimorphic winged insects?

Back 16

Strepsiptera, social ants (hymnopetera) also in fig wasps (female is winged but male is not)

Front 17

What are the specialized wing structures of Neoptera?

Back 17

They have folded wings and their muscles act on the thorax wall and power the wings indirectly. They are able to contract multiple times with one single nerve impulse.

Front 18

Why do some insects have wax?

Back 18

Desiccations, water resistance, defer predators, mimicry, uv radiation, species specific olfactory cues and camouflage

Front 19

Pronotum

Back 19

upper thorax region

Front 20

what facilitates movement inside the cytoskeleton

Back 20

sclerites (plates)

Front 21

filiform antennae

Back 21

long whip like

Front 22

moniliform

Back 22

pop bead like

Front 23

clubbed

Back 23

very common (clavate gradually get longer) capitate (have a ball at the end) almost all bark beetles have ball at the end

Front 24

geniculate

Back 24

bend in the middle

Front 25

How do most insects sense touch (tactile) perception?

Back 25

Sensitive hairs called sensilla

Front 26

What are the 4 light sensitive organs?

Back 26

Compound eyes, Ocelli, stemmata, and male genitalia

Front 27

What are cryptic species?

Back 27

Look the same but differ in non visual cues, humans do not notice.

Front 28

What is the difference in smell vs. taste?

Back 28

Volatile vs. non volatile

Front 29

Difference between Taxis and Kinesis

Back 29

Directed movement to or away from stimulus, while kinesis is unoriented movement as a result of a reflex

Front 30

Klinotaxis vs Tropotaxis

Back 30

Klino is movement relative to a gradient by taken successive samples. Tropo paired receptors movement relative to gradient

Front 31

What are some complex behaviors of some insects?

Back 31

Foraging bees- waggle dance, measure the angle between the sun position and the food source translate to the waggle angle on the vertical comb
Cataglyphis ants in North Africa they return home after foraging using polarized light as a guide

Front 32

Insect evolve ears where they need them? example

Back 32

Mantids-thorax
moths-wings
Katydids- legs

Front 33

Negative taxes

Back 33

rheo

Front 34

positive taxes

Back 34

phono

Front 35

in what situations do insects use semiochemicls

Back 35

phermomones, caste system, deter other male, regulate insect societes( in the case of the bees queen suppresses the other female from developing ovaries)

Front 36

Anemo-
chemo-
Geo-
Hydro-
magneto-
phono-
photo-
rheo-
thermo

Back 36

wind
chemical
gravity
moisture
magnetic fields
sound
light
waater current
temperature

Front 37

what is menotaxis

Back 37

movement at a constant angle relatvie to a stimulus moths use moon as a guide

Front 38

what is an example of a female exerting control over paternity

Back 38

flower beetle (tribolium)males come in two flavors red or black she chooses which sperm she will use

Front 39

some insects mate in strange ways

Back 39

parthenogenesis (development from a unfertilized egg)
traumatic mating

Front 40

Sometimes male insects form leks and compete with some traits provide examples

Back 40

leks are aggregation of males females choose based on the optimal territories
in the diopseda (stalk eyed flies) battle with stalk eyes
The stag beetle have exaggerated mandibles

Front 41

what are some examples of mate guarding

Back 41

damselfly holds on to female after mating
in the australian butterfly cressida cress sperm hardens

Front 42

what are some ways to find a mate

Back 42

mating pheromones ( arctiid moth use the structure of coremata to puff out pheromones)
Acoustical signals- orthopteras
flash communication (fireflies)
nuptial gifts

Front 43

what are some orders that give nuptial gifts

Back 43

mecoptera -give dead insects
male lepidoptera- give sodium in the form of spermatophore
male katydids- give large a large nutrition packet for female to eat

Front 44

Micromalthus debilis life cycle

Back 44

It lives in rotting wood, and most specimens one finds in the wood are all females, and are larviform, either larvae or are developed enough that they can reproduce but look like larvae. Mature female "larvae" generally give birth to living larvae (without laying eggs); these young larvae are active, and with legs, and are called a "triungulin". A triungulin moults into legless female larva, which can then develop either into (1) a pupa that then emerges as awinged adult, (2) a larviform female that will itself will give birth to triungulins, (3) a larviform female that lays a single male egg that hatched into a larva that eats its mother, (4) a larviform female that can reproduce in both of the latter ways.

Front 45

cecidomylid midges are the phenixes of the insect world

Back 45

can have two modes of reporduction normal sexual reproduction or parthenogenic reproduction

Front 46

two examples of insects who lay eggs in one basket

Back 46

cockroach lay ootheca
praying mantid

Front 47

How can insects move when they are enclosed in this impermeable exoskeleton that is very rigid?

Back 47

The exoskeleton is a strong outer covering, made of a material called chitin. The exoskeleton completely covers the body. The exoskeleton keeps cells, tissue, and organs from drying out. There are joints, along the different segments of the animal’s body.

Front 48

What happens during molting?

Back 48

Molting is the formation of the new cuticle followed by ecdysis

Front 49

What do we call the hardening of the exoskeleton?

Back 49

Sclerotization

Front 50

Describe Ametaboly, Hemimetaboly, and Holometaboly.

Back 50

Ametaboly is the more primitive developmental pattern hatchling emerges from the egg in a form resembling the miniature adult, lacking only genitalia. Hemimetaboly is partial or incomplete metamorphosis (nymphs) wings develop externally and Holometaboly (larvae, pupae) is complete metamorphosis wings develop internally.

Front 51

What are endopterygota?

Back 51

Wings develop internally in larvae as groups of undifferentiated cells called imaginal discs or buds it is also thought to be monophyletic

Front 52

Collectively what is the term used to describe insects coping with the cold extreme?

Back 52

Cryoprotection

Front 53

How do insects tolerate freezing cold temperatures?

Back 53

Icenucleating agents (INAs) proteins, lipoproteins and/or endogenous crystals which allow safe freezing outside of cells acts to dehydrate the cells to prevent freezing. Some other substances allow supercooling

Front 54

How does supercooling also provide freeze avoidance?

Back 54

Evacuation of the digestive system to remove promoters of ice nucleation

Front 55

What is the difference between freeze tolerance and chill tolerance?

Back 55

Chill tolerance is dependent on duration of cold exposure and low temperature

Front 56

What are some of the ways insects tolerate extreme heat? Example

Back 56

Acclimation, use of burrows and cryptobiosis the best example is the larval chironomid midge that live in west Africa that live In temporary pools, what’s interesting is that the larvae do not devlop cocoons in times when the pools dry but their bodies lose water until almost dehydrated cryptobiosis

Front 57

How do some insects cope with Aridity?

Back 57

Species of beetles reduce water loss from the cuticle by 100 fold, uric acid precipitation when water I reabsorbed allows for the excretion of dry urine

Front 58

polypod

Back 58

thoracic legs + avdominal prolegs- lepidoptera, primative hymenoptera (symphyta) mecoptera

Front 59

oligopod orders that do not belong to this group?

Back 59

thoracic legs only, neurooptera some coleopteran , some members of most orders not lepidoptera, mecoptera, diptera, siphonaptera or sterpsiptera

Front 60

apods

Back 60

no legs many coloeoptera, aculeate, hymenoptera, syphonaptera

Front 61

what are some seasonal survival strategies

Back 61

voltinism n generation per year
dormancy (avestivation, quiesence
Diapause arrested in development with adaptive physiological changes

Front 62

criteria for migration

Back 62

persistent movement away from home range
relatively straight transit
not responsive to stimul from home range
distinctive pre and post behaviors
reallocation of energy within the body

Front 63

can you think of any arguments against the hypothesis that holometabolism reduces competition between adults in larvae

Back 63

assumption that both resources will be available, is there a true competition when the female dies after laying her eggs

Front 64

what developmental changes would you expect to observe on a insect feeding on a fern that produced ectosteriods

Back 64

pre mature molting and developmental abnormalities

Front 65

why would food deprivation increase development time for an insect feeding time for lepidoptera but decrease for an insect feeding on ephmeral sources

Back 65

lepidoptera has a signal check to accomplish before moving on to the next stage

Front 66

One of the goals for community ecologist is to break down the natural world to study explain
You can break it down to the study of

Back 66

1. Species (autoecology) 2. Population 3. Community
4. Landscapes 5. Ecosystems

Front 67

Define community

Back 67

Groups of interacting species that occur together at the same place and time

Front 68

What is the difference between a population and a community?

Back 68

A population is a single specie a community is made up of an of all animal species in a particular area

Front 69

What is a guild?

Back 69

A group of species that use the same resource ex. aphids predators wooly alder
nectarivores (flies, bees, bats, and birds)

Front 70

Richness vs. Evenness

Back 70

The species richness is the number of species per a given sample it takes no account of the number of individual species. Evenness is a measure of relative abundance of different species.

Front 71

what is an example of an insect directin gthe behavior of its host

Back 71

macaranga is an ant plant feed the nats and house them when sprayed with methyl jazzminite they make more nectar to increase ant interaction

Front 72

What are some characteristics of the eusocial ants

Back 72

reproductive division of labor (polytheusm-queen and workers)
overlapping generation
cooperative brood care both workers and queen are female
haploploiddiploidy sister share more genetic infomation than brother

Front 73

society membership function rests on chemical cues how?
two types of chemical product

Back 73

glandular products are used for alarm, appeasement, defense, recruitment, trails
cuticular chemicals
recognition of nest mates, castes and reproductive status

Front 74

what is pleiometrosis

Back 74

multiple founding queens

Front 75

what insect orders have aquatic larvae (5)

Back 75

odonata, ephemeroptera, plecoptera, trichoptera, megaloptera

Front 76

what are some aquatic bettles

Back 76

Gyrindae (have compound eyes so they can see above and below water)
Hydrophilidae- walk upside down under water

Front 77

Dytiscidae

Back 77

predacious diving beetle

Front 78

what are some aquatoc hemiptera

Back 78

gerridae (water stridders)

Front 79

aquatic moths

Back 79

crambidae- underwater herbivores

Front 80

what are the way of obtaining O2

Back 80

gills, breathing tubes, air bubbles
hemoglobin (have higher affinity than vertebrates)

Front 81

what are some adaptations to fast moving water

Back 81

insects are flat
some have powerful suckers like the aquatic fly maggot
fast moving water usually have more oxygen content

Front 82

baetis bicaudatus

Back 82

responses to trout by smell and its influence their behaviors

Front 83

some diagonstic changes indicated by insects

Back 83

when particulate matter sediment increases mayfles and filter feeding caddisflies
when O2 is reduced numbers of insects with hemoglobin increases fewer stoneflies are detected

Front 84

fungi are important in forest habitat

Back 84

brown rot fungi assimilate cellulose and hemicellulose
white rot fungi assimilate cellulose hemicellulose and lignin

Front 85

fungi important in forest habitat

Back 85

brown rot fungi assimilate cellulose and hemicellulose
white rot fungi
assimilate cellulose and hemicellulose and lignin

Front 86

in termites what is tripartite mutalism

Back 86

flagellate (vertical), bacteria, termite host

Front 87

how do wood and bark beetles boorers acquire adequate nutrients

Back 87

cultivate fungi, ingest fungal enzymes, produce endogenous cellulases, host symbiotic bacteria or yeast (4)

Front 88

what is the relationship between symbiont transfer and eusociality in termites

Back 88

overlapping of generation vertical transmitssion

Front 89

what kind of natural enemies do insects have

Back 89

animals, other insects, fungi, parasatoids and bacterial

Front 90

name two species that sit and wait

Back 90

assassin bug and praying mantids

Front 91

set traps and wait

Back 91

antlions

Front 92

what does the robber fly do

Back 92

not crytic very fast moves very quickly

Front 93

what insects use active search

Back 93

tiger beetles
dragonflies

Front 94

how do some insects hide

Back 94

blend in with the background
secrete wax use it to cover their body with dirt (lint bug) caddisflies builds a case

Front 95

what is cycloalexy

Back 95

putting your wagons in a circle to avoid predators

Front 96

what are the two best known types if mimicry

Back 96

batesian and mullerian
batesian is a unpalatable model and palatable mimica
mullerian not palatable model and not palatable mimic

Front 97

what are the three classes of chemical defenses

Back 97

class 1 toxins that are effective against vertebrates (cardiac glycosides or alkaloids)
class 2- volatile organic compounds often bitter tasting (ketones, aldehydes, acids, terpenes, quinones) both classes can be exogenous (acquired) and endogenous
class 3- proteinaceous venoms that injects with a specialized device
class 2-

Front 98

what is so special about the anatomy of the stinger used by honey bees and some moths

Back 98

specialized and enlarged barbs at the tips of the piercing lancets anchor the sting so effectively that it cant be withdrawn

Front 99

what are the three traits that characterize eusocial organism

Back 99

reproductive division labor
overlap of generation
cooperative brood

Front 100

ant nannies

Back 100

membracid mothers lay more eggs in leave them in care Malacasoma americanum (eastern trait catepillar)

Front 101

hamilton rule

Back 101

altruism behavior by an individual that increases the fitness of another individual while decreasing the fitness of the actor animals should behave so as to maximize not just the individual fitness but the inclusive fitness=direct and indirect fitness

Front 102

coefficient of relativeness

Back 102

rB>C b=benefit, r=coefficient of relatedness, C=cost
r= probability that 2 individual share an allele by direct decent in a haploid diploid system as you go down progeny you get goes from .50= .75 and sister are related by 0.75 but males only related by 0.50