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185 Cards in this Set
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Absolute Advantage
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The liberal economic concept that a state should specialize in the production of goods in which the cost of production are lowest compared with those of other countries
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Absolute Gains
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Conditions in which all participants in exchanges become better off
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Adjudication
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A conflict-resolution procedure in which a third party makes a binding decision about a dispute in an institutional tribunal
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Alignments
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The acceptance by a neutral state threatened by foreign enemies of a special relationship short of formal alliance with a stronger power able to protect it from attack
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Alliances
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Coalitions that form when two or more states combine their military capabilities and promise to coordinate their policies to increase mutual security
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Anarchy
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A condition in which the units of the global system are subjected to few if any overarching institutions to regulate their conduct
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Appeasement
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A strategy of making concessions to another state in the hope that, satisfied, it will not make additional claims
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Arbitration
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A conflict-resolution procedure in which a third party makes a binding decision between disputants through a temporary ruling board created for that ruling
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Asymmetric Warfare
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Armed conflict between belligerents of vastly unequal military strength, in which the weaker side is often a non-state actor that relies on unconventional tactics
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Balance of Power
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The theory that peace and stability are most likely to be maintained when military power is distributed to prevent a single superpower hegemon or bloc from controlling the world
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Balancer
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Under a balance-of-power system, an influential global or regional great power that throws its support in decisive fashion to a defensive coalition
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Bandwagoning
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Tendency for weak states to seek alliance with the strongest power, irrespective of that power's ideology or type of government, in order to increase security
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Bipolarity
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A condition in which power is concentrated in two competing centers so that the rest of the states define their allegiances in terms of their relationships with both rival great-powers, or "poles"
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Blowback
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The propensity for actions undertaken for national security to have the unintended consequence of provoking retaliatory attacks by the target when relations later sour
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Carrying Capacity
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The maximum number of humans and living species that can be supported by a given territory
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Clash of Civilizations
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Political scientist Samuel Huntington's controversial thesis that in the twenty-first century the globe's major civilizations will conflict with one another, leading to anarchy and warfare similar to that resulting from conflicts between states over the past five hundred years
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Classic Liberal Economic Theory
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A body of thought based on Adam Smith's ideas about the forces of supply and demand in the marketplace, emphasizing the benefits of minimal government regulation of the economy and trade
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Coercive Diplomacy
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The use of threats or limited armed force to persuade an adversary to alter its foreign and/or domestic policies
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Coercive Power
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The use of threats and punishment to force the target to alter its behavior
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Cognitive Dissonance
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The general psychological tendency to deny discrepancies between one's preexisting beliefs (cognitions) and new information
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Collective Action Dilemma
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Paradox regarding the provision of collective goods in which, though everyone can enjoy the benefits of the good, no one is accountable for paying the cost
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Collective Good
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A public good, such as safe drinking water, from which everyone benefits
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Collective Security
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A security regime agreed to by the great powers that set rules for keeping peace, guided by the principal
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Communism
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The radical ideology maintaining that if society is organized so that every person produces according to his or her ability and consumes according to his or her needs, a community without class distinctions will emerge, sovereign states will no longer be needed and imperial wars of colonial conquest will vanish from history
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Communist Theory of Imperialism
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The Marx-Leninist economic interpretation of imperialist wars of conquest as driven by capitalism's need for foreign markets to generate capital
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Comparative Advantage
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The concept in liberal economics that a state will benefit if it specializes in the production of those goods which it can produce at a lower opportunity cost
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Complex Interdependence
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A model of world politics based on the assumptions that states are not the only important actors, security is not the dominate national goal, and military force is not the only significant instrument of foreign policy. This theory stresses cross-cutting ways in which the growing ties among transnational actors make them vulnerable to each other's actions and sensitive to each other's needs
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Concert
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A cooperative agreement in design and plan among great powers to manage jointly the global system
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Conciliation
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A conflict-resolution procedure in which a third party assists both parties to a dispute but does not propose a solution
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Constitutional Democracy
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Government process that allow people, through their elected representatives, to exercise power and influence the state's policies
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Constructivism
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A paradigm based on the premise that world politics is a function of the ways that states construct and then accept images of reality and later respond to the meanings given to power politics; as consensual definitions change, it is possible for either conflictual or cooperative practices to evolve
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Containment
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A strategy to prevent a great power rival from using force to alter the balance of power and increase its sphere of influence
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Cornucopians
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Optimists who question limits-to-growth analyses and contend that markets effectively maintain a balance between population, resources, and the environment
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Deforestation
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The process of clearing and destroying forests
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Demographic Peace
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The theory that although democratic states sometimes wage wars against nondemocratic states, they do not fight one another
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Demography
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The study of population changes, their sources, and their impact
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Dependency Theory
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A theory hypothesizing that less developed countries are exploited because global capitalism makes them dependent on the rich countries that create exploitive rules for trade and production
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Dependent Development
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The industrialization of peripheral areas within the confines of the dominance-dependence relationship between the Global North and the Global South, which enables the poor to become wealthier without ever catching up to the core Global North countries
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Desertification
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The creation of deserts due to soil erosion, over-farming, and deforestation, which converts cropland to nonproductive, arid sand
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Détente
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In general, the strategy of seeking to relax tensions between adversaries to reduce the possibility of war
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Deterrence
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Preventative strategies designed to dissuade an adversary from doing what it would do otherwise
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Diplomatic Immunity
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The legal doctrine that gives a country's officials (e.g. diplomats and ambassadors) release from the local legal jurisdiction of the state when they are visiting or stationed abroad to represent their own government
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Diversionary Theory of War
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the hypothesis that leaders sometimes initiate conflict abroad as a way of increasing national cohesion at home by diverting national public interest attention away from controversial domestic issues and internal problems
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Domino Theory
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A metaphor popular during the Cold War that predicted that if one state fell to communism, its neighbors would also fall in a chain reaction
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Dualism
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The separation of a country into two sectors, the first modern and prosperous centered in major cities, and the second at the margin, neglected and poor
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Economic Sanctions
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Punitive economic actions, such as the cessation of trade or financial ties, by one global actor against another to retaliate for objectionable behavior
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End of History
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Francis Fukuyama's thesis that an end-point in the ideological debate about the best form of government and economy have been reached, with liberal capitalism and democracy prevailing throughout the world with out serious competition from advocates of either communism or autocracy
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Entente
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An agreement between states to consult one another and take a common course of action if one is attacked by another state
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Environmental Security
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A concept recognizing that environmental threats to global life systems are as dangerous as the threat of armed conflict
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Ethnic Cleansing
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The extermination of an ethnic minority group by a state
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Ethnic Groups
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People whose identity is primarily defined by their sense of sharing a common ancestral nationality, language, cultural heritage, and kinship
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Ethnic Nationalism
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Devotion to a cultural, ethnic, or linguistic community
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Ethnicity
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Perceptions of likeness among members of a particular racial grouping leading them to prejudicially view other nationality groups as outsiders
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Ethnocentrism
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A propensity to see one's nationality or state as the center of the world and therefore special, with the result that the values and perspectives of other groups are misunderstood and ridiculed
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Export-Led Industrialization
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A growth strategy that concentrates on developing domestic export industries capable of competing in overseas markets
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Extended Deterrence
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The protection received by a weak ally when a heavily militarized great power pledges to "extend" its capabilities to it in a defense treaty
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Extraterritoriality
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The legal doctrine that allows states to maintain jurisdiction over their embassies in other states
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Failed States
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Countries whose governments have so mismanaged policy that their citizens, in rebellion threaten revolution to divide the country into separate, independent states
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Feminist Theory
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Body of scholarship that emphasizes gender in the study of world politics
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Fertility Rate
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The average number of children born to woman (or group of women) during her lifetime
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Firebreak
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The psychological barrier between conventional wars and wars fought with nuclear weapons as well as weapons of mass destruction
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Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
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A cross-boarder investment through which a person or corporation based in one country purchases or constructs an asset such as a factory or bank in another country so that a long-term relationship and control of en enterprise by nonresidents results
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Free-Riders
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Those who obtain benefits at others' expense with out the usual costs and effort
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Functionalism
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The theory advanced by David Mitrany and others explaining how people can come to value transnational institutions (IGOs, integrated or merged states) and the steps to giving those institutions authority to provide the public goods (for example, security) previously, but inadequately supplied by their own state
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Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM)
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The UN Development Programme's attempt to measure the extent of gender equality across the globe's countries, based on estimates of women's relative economic income, high paying positions, and access to professional and parliamentary positions
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Gender Inequalities
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Differences between men and women in opportunity and reward that are determined by the values that guide states' foreign and domestic policies
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General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
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An UN-affiliated IGO designed to promote international trade and tariff reductions, replaced by the World Trade Organization
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Genetic Engineering
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Research geared to discover seeds for new types of plant and human life for sale and use as substitutes for those produced naturally
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Genocide
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The attempt to eliminate, in whole or in part, an ethnic, racial, religious, or national minority group
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Geo-Economics
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The relationship between geography and the economics conditions and behavior of states that define their levels of production, trade, and consumption of goods and services
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Geopolitics
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The relationship between geography and politics and their consequences for states' national interests and relative power
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Global Migration Crisis
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A severe problem stemming from the growing number of people moving from their home country to another country, straining the ability of the host countries to absorb the foreign emigrants
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Global Structure
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The defining characteristics of the global system - such as the distribution of military capabilities - that exist independently of all actors but powerfully shape the actions of every actor
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Global Village
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A popular cosmopolitan perspective describing the growth awareness that all people share a common fate because the world is becoming an integrated and interdependent as a whole
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Globalization
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The integration of states through increasing contact, communication, and trade, as well as increased global awareness of such integration
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Globalization of Finance
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The increasing transnationalization of national markets through the world-wide integration of capital flows
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Globalization of Labor
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Integration of labor and markets, predicted by the global nature of production as well as the increased size and mobility of the global labor force
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Good Offices
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Provision by a third party to offer a place for negotiation among disputants but does not serve as a mediator in the actual negotiations
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Great Powers
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The most powerful countries, militarily and economically, in the global system
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Greenhouse Effect
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The phenomenon producing planetary warming when gases released by burning fossil fuels act as a blanket in the atmosphere, thereby increasing temperatures
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Group of 77 (G-77)
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The coalition of Third World countries that sponsored the 1963 "Joint Declaration of Developing Countries" calling for reform to allow greater equality in North-South trade
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Groupthink
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The propensity for members of a group to accept and agree with the group's prevailing attitudes, rather than speaking out for what they believe
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Hard Power
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The ability to exercise international influence by means of a country's military capabilities
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Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPCs)
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The subset of countries identified by the World Bank's Debtor Reporting System whose ratios of debt to gross national product are so substantial they cannot meet their payment obligations without experiencing political instability and economic collapse
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Hegemon
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A preponderant state capable of dominating the conduct of international political and economic relations
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Hegemonic Stability Theory
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A body of theory that maintains that the establishments hegemony for global dominance by a single great power is a necessary condition for global order in commercial transactions and international military security
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Hegemony
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The ability of one state to lead the world in politics by promoting its worldview and ruling over arrangements governing international economics and politics
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Horizontal Nuclear Proliferation
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An increase in the number of states that possess nuclear weapons
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Human Development Index (HDI)
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An index that uses life expectancy, literacy, average number of years of schooling, and income to assess a country's performance in providing for its peoples welfare and security
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Human Rights
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The political rights and civil liberties recognized by the international community as inalienable and valid for individuals in all countries by virtue of their humanity
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Human Security
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A measure popular in liberal theory of the degree to which the welfare of individuals is protected and promoted, in contrast to realist theory's emphasis on putting the state's interests in military and national security ahead of all other goals
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Humanitarian Intervention
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The use of peacekeeping troops by foreign states or international organizations to protect endangered people from gross violations of their human rights and from mass murder
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Ideology
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A set of core philosophical principals that leaders and citizens collectively construct about politics, the interests of political actors, and the ways people ought to behave
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Imperial Overstretch
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The historic tendency for past hegemons to sap their own strength through costly imperial pursuits and military spending that weaken their economies in relation to the economies of their rivals
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Imperialism
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The policy of expanding state power through the conquest and/or military domination of foreign territory
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Import-Substitution Industrialization
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A strategy for economic development that centers on providing investors at home incentives to produce goods so that previously imported products form abroad will decline
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Infant Industry
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Newly established industries ("infants") that are not yet strong enough to compete against mature foreign producers in the global marketplace until in time they develop and can compete
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International Court of Justice (ICJ)
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The primary court established by the United Nations for resolving legal disputes between states and providing advisory options to international agencies and the UN General Assembly
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International Criminal Court (ICC)
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A court established by the UN for indicting and administering justice to people committing war crimes
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International Monetary Fund (IMF)
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A financial agency now affiliated with the UN, established in 1944 to promote international monetary cooperation, free trade, exchange rate stability, and democratic rule by providing financial assistance and loans to countries facing financial crisis
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International Regime
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Embodies the norms, principals, rules, and institutions around which global expectations unite regarding a specific international problem
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Just War Doctrine
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The moral criteria identifying when a just war may be undertaken and how it should be fought once it begins
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Kellog-Briand Pact
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A multilateral treaty negotiated in 1928 that outlawed war as a method for settling interstate conflicts
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Liberal International Economic Order (LEIO)
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The set of regimes created after WWII, designed to promote monetary stability and reduce barriers to the free flow of trade and capitol
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"Linkage" Strategy
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A set of assertions claiming that leaders should take into account another country's overall behavior when deciding whether to reach agreement on any one specific issue so as to link cooperation to rewards
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Long-Cycle Theory
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A theory that focuses on the rise and fall of the leading global power as the central political process of the modern world system
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Low Politics
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The category of global issues related to the economic, social, demographic, and environmental aspects of relations between governments and people
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Marxist-Leninism
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Vladimir Lenin, and their successors, which criticizes capitalism as cause of class struggle, the exploitation of workers, colonialism, and war.
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Mediation
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A conflict-resolution procedure in which a third party proposes a nonbinding solution to the disputants
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Military-Industrial Complex
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A combination of defense establishments, contractors who supply arms for them, and government agencies that benefit from high military spending, which act as a lobbying coalition to pressure governments to appropriate large expenditures for military preparedness
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Most-Favored-Nation Principal (MFN)
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The central GATT principal of unconditional nondiscriminatory treatment in trade between contracting parties underscoring the WTO's rule requiring any advantage given by one WTO member to also extend it to all other WTO members
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Multinational Corporations (MNCs)
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Business enterprises headquartered in one state that invest and operate extensively in many other states
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Multipolarity
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The distribution of global power into three or more great-power centers, with most other states allied with one of the rivals
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Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD)
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A condition of mutual deterrence in which both sides possess the ability to survive a first strike with weapons of mass destruction and launch a devastating retaliatory attack
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Nation
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A collectivity whose people see themselves as members of the same group because they share the same ethnicity, culture, or language (in all cases except one)
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National Character
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The collective characteristics ascribed to the people within a state
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National Interest
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The goals that states pursue to maximize what they perceive to be selfishly best for their country
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National Security
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A country's psychological freedom from fears that the state will be unable to resist threats to its survival and national values emanating from abroad or at home
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Nationalism
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A mind-set glorifying a particular state and the nationality group living in it, which sees the state's interest as a supreme value
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Nature v. Nurture
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The controversy over whether human behavior is determined more by the biological basis of "human nature" than it is nurtured by the environmental conditions that humans experience
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Negotiation
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Diplomatic dialogue and discussion between two or more parties with the goal of resolving through give-and-take bargaining perceived differences of interests and conflicts they may cause
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Neo-Malthusians
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Pessimists who warn of the global ecopolitical dangers of uncontrolled population growth
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Neoliberalism
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The "new" ________ theoretical perspective that accounts for the way international institutions promote global change, cooperation, peace, and prosperity through collective programs for reforms
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Neomercantilism
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A contemporary version of classical _______ that advocates promoting domestic production and balance-of-payment surplus by subsidizing exports and using tariffs and nontariff barriers to reduce imports
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Neorealism
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A theoretical account of states' behavior that explains it as determined by differences in their relative power within the global hierarchy, defined primarily by the distribution of military power, instead of by other factors such as their values, types of government, or domestic circumstances
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New International Economic Order (NEIO)
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The 1974 policy resolution in the UN that called for a North-South dialogue to open the way for the less-developed countries of the Global South to participate more fully in the making of the international economic policy
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Nonaligned Movement (NAM)
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A group of more than one hundred newly independent, mostly less-developed, states that joined together as a group of neutrals to avoid entanglement with the superpowers' competing alliances in the Cold War and to advance the Global South's primary interests in economic cooperation and growth
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Nonaligned States
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Countries that do not form alliances with opposed great-powers and practice neutrality on issues that divide great-powers
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Nonalignment
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A foreign policy posture that rejects participative in military alliances with rival blocs for fear that formal alignment will entangle the state in an unnecessary involvement in war
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Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs)
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Transnational organizations of private citizens maintaining consultative status with the UN; they include professional associations, foundations, multinational corporations, or simply internationally active groups in different states joined together to work towards common interests
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Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT)
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An international agreement that seeks to prevent horizontal proliferation by prohibiting further nuclear weapon sales, acquisitions, or production
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Outsourcing
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The transfer of jobs by a corporation usually headquartered in a Global North country to a Global South country able to supply trained workers at lower wages
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Peace Building
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Post-conflict actions, predominantly diplomatic and economic that strengthen and rebuild governmental infrastructure and institutions in order to avoid renewed recourse to armed conflict
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Peace Enforcement
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The application of military force to warring parties, or the threat of its use, normally pursuant to international authorization, to compel compliance with resolutions or with sanctions designed to maintain or restore peace and order
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Peace Operations
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A general category encompassing both peacekeeping and peace enforcement operations undertaken to establish and maintain peace between disputants
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Peaceful Coexistence
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Soviet leader Nikita Khrushev's 1956 doctrine that war between capitalist and communist states is not inevitable and that inter-bloc competition could be peaceful
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Peacekeeping
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The efforts by third parties such and the UN to intervene in civil wars and/or interstate wars or to prevent hostilities between potential belligerents from escalating, so that by acting as a buffer a negotiated settlement of the dispute can be reached
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Politics of Scarcity
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The view that the unavailability of resources required to sustain life, such as food, energy, or water, can undermine security in degrees similar to military aggression
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Pooled Sovereignty
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Legal authority granted to an IGO by its members to make collective decisions regarding specified aspects of public policy heretofore made exclusively by each sovereign government
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Population Implosion
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A rapid reduction of population that reverses a previous trend towards progressively larger populations; a severe reduction in the worlds population
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Power
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The factors that enable one actor to manipulate another actor's behavior against its preferences
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Power Balance
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A diversion of global military and economic capabilities among more than one center or dominant superpower
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Power Potential
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The capabilities or resources held by a state that are considered necessary to its asserting influence over others
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Power Transition
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A narrowing of the ratio of military capabilities between great-power rivals that is thought to increase the probability of war between them
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Power Transition Theory
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The theory that war is likely when a dominant great power is threatened by the rapid growth of a rival's capabilities, which reduces the difference in their relative power
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Preemption
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A quick, first-strike military attack in self defense to prevent an aggressor from launching a war of aggression, for which there is overwhelming evidence that the aggressor's threat is real and imminent or about to be undertaken
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Preemptive War
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A quick, first strike attack that seeks to defeat an adversary before it can organize an initial attack or a retaliatory response
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Preventive Diplomacy
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Diplomatic actions taken in advance of a predictable crisis to prevent or limit violence
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Preventive War
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Strictly outlawed by international law, a war undertaken by choice against an enemy to prevent it from suspected intentions to attack sometime in the distant future - if and when the enemy might acquire the necessary military capabilities
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Prisoner's Dilemma
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From game theory, a non-zero sum situation in which __________ have incentives to cooperate and if they do they will both benefit, so that is the rational decision to make; however, if one defects to maximize personal gain at the expense of the other prisoner, both will suffer - a dilemma that raises questions about what is the prudent or rational course of action in circumstances of distrust
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Rapprochement
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In diplomacy, a policy seeking to reestablish normal cordial relations between enemies
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Rational Choice
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Decision-making procedures guided by careful definition of situations weighing the goals, consideration of all alternatives, and selection of the options most likely to achieve the highest goals
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Realism
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A paradigm based on the premise that world politics is essentially and unchangeably a struggle among self-interested states for power and position under anarchy, with each competing state pursuing its own national interests
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Reciprocity
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GATT principal calling for mutual or reciprocal lowering of trade barriers
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Replacement-Level Fertility
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One couple replacing themselves on average with two children so that a country's population will remain stable if this rate prevails
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Sanctions
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Punitive actions (short of military force) by one global actor against another to retaliate for its previous objectionable behavior
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Satisficing
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The tendency for decision makers to choose the first satisfactory option rather than searching further for a better alternative
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Second-Strike Capability
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A state's capacity to retaliate after absorbing an adversary's first=strike attack with weapons of mass destruction
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Security Dilemma
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The tendency of states to view the defensive arming of adversaries as threatening, causing them to arm in response, so that all states security declines
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Security Regime
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Norms and rules for interaction agreed to by a set of states to increase security
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Selective Engagement
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A great power grand strategy using economic and military power to influence only important particular situations, countries, or global issues by striking a balance between a highly interventionist "global policeman" and an uninvolved isolationist
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Self-Determinization
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The liberal doctrine that people should be able to determine the government that will rule them
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Socialization
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The process by which people learn to accept the beliefs, values, and behaviors that prevail in a given society's culture
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Soft Power
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The capacity to co-opt through such intangible factors such as the popularity of a states values and institutions, as opposed to the _________ to coerce through military might
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Sovereign Equality
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The principal that states are legally equal in protection under international law
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Sovereignty
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The legal doctrine that states have supreme authority to govern their internal affairs and manage their foreign relations with other states and nonstate actors
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Sphere of Influence
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A region of the globe dominated by a great power
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Strategic Trade Policy
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Government subsidies for particular domestic industries to help them gain competitive advantage over foreign producers
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Structural Realism
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The neorealist theory postulating that the __________ of the global system determines the behavior of transnational actors within it
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Structuralism
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The neorealist proposition that states' behavior is shaped primarily by changes in the properties of the global system, such as shifts in the balance of power, instead of by individual heads of states or by changes in states' internal characteristics
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Sustainable Development
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Economic growth that does not deplete the resources needed to maintain life and prosperity
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Theocracy
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A country whose government is organized around a religious dogma
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Trade Integration
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The difference between gross rates in trade and gross domestic product
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Tragedy of the Commons
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A metaphor, widely used to explain the impact of human behavior on ecological systems, that explains how rational self-interested behavior by individuals may have a destructive and irrational collective impact
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Transnational Religious Movements
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A set of beliefs, practices, and ideas administered politically by religious organizations to promote the worship of their conception of transcendent deity and its principals for conduct
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Transparency
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With regard to the GATT, the principal that barriers to trade must be visible and thus easy to target
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Unilateralism
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An approach that relies on self-help, independent strategies in foreign policy
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Uni-Multipolar
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A global system where there is a single dominant power, but the settlement of key international issues always requires action by the dominant power in combination with that of other great powers
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Unitary Actor
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A transnational actor (usually a sovereign state) assumed to be internally united, so that changes in its domestic opinion do not influence its foreign policy as much as do the decisions that actor's leaders make to cope with changes in its global environment
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War Weariness Hypothesis
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The proposition that fighting a major war is costly in terms of lost lives and income, and these costs greatly reduce a country's tolerance for undertaking another war until enough time passes to lose memory of these costs
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Washigton Consensus
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The view that Global South countries can best achieve sustained economic growth through democratic governance, fiscal discipline, free markets, a reliance on private enterprise, and trade liberalization
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World Bank
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The globes major IGO for financing economic growth and reducing poverty through long-term loans
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World Trade Organization (WTO)
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A multilateral agency that monitors the implementation of trade agreements and settles disputes among trade partners
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Yoshida Doctrine
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Japan's traditional security policy of avoiding disputes with rivals, preventing foreign wars by low military spending, and promoting economic growth through foreign trade
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Zero-Sum
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An exchange in a purely conflictual relationship in which what is gained by one competitor is lost by the other
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