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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Who and what were the first to mas produce information to the public? |
Johannas Gutenberg -Died 1467 -Created the Movable type -1517-1520 over 3 yrs Newspapers -1397 -daily Postal Servie -660 mil - 142 mil locations/day |
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Significance of Email |
Fast, easy, cheap |
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What are the two qualities for the Web that allow it to be a global tool for information? |
1. Decentralized -users are free to add new info 2. Unique -Every page has a unique address (URL) |
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Mill's views on Liberty |
-We are fallible -Even the false beliefs may contain a kernel of truth. -We must confirm true/correct beliefs by comparing them with false/incorrect ones. -True beliefs that have undergone scrutinization and comparision 3 times hold more weight. |
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Is #3 of 'On Liberty' important? Why? |
True beliefs that have gone through "We must confirm true/correct beliefs by comparing them with false/incorrect ones." hold more weight or value than those who have not. |
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Direct Censorship |
Government monopolization of avenues of dissemination -Gov controls publishing Pre-publication view of docs -Vetoing certain materials Licensing and registration of media -Gov's criteria for broadcasting |
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Self Censorship |
Not saying something because of the consequences of speaking up |
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Child Internet Protection Act of 2000 (CIPA) |
Anti porn filters on public and school computers Gov gives schools funding for complying |
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USA vs American Library Association |
2003 ALA argued that CIPA violated the 1st Amendment. For CIPA: US Gov Against CIPA: American Library Association Denied |
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Determinism |
Everything that happens, MUST happen that way and could NOT have happened any OTHER way |
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Act Utilitarianism |
Utilitarian theory of ethics which states that a person's act is morally right if and only if it produces at least as much happiness as any other act that the person could perform at that time -Censorship and CIPA |
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Rule Utilitarianism |
Utilitarianism that says an action is right as it conforms to a rule that leads to the greatest good, or that "the rightness or wrongness of a particular action is a function of the correctness of the rule of which is an instance." |
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Social Contract Theory |
The view that person's moral and/or political obligations are dependent upon a contract or agreement among them to form the society in which they live. |
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Locke first to try to define 'private property' as what? |
No one has a right to privately own the earth because it was given by God to all |
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Intellectual Property |
Any product of the human intellect that has commercial value EX: -Books -Music -Software -Movies -Art -Chemical Formulas
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Right to Property |
An exclusive right to something -Must have a right to property to actually make use of the world |
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Lockean Property Right |
1. Right to one's body. 2. Right to activity of one's body (labor) 3. Right to the product/effect of our labor done by one's body. |
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Conditions of Private Property |
Principle of Abundance Principle of Spoilage |
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Principle of Abundance |
There has to be enough to go around |
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Principle of Spoilage |
The way you use that property matters If you waste it, you are violating natural law |
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On Government Protection of Intellectual Property |
Article 1, Section 8 Congress shall promote "the Progress of science and useful arts by securing limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries." |
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Why is Gov protection and rights important? |
By trading some rights in the creative process is beacause the Gov protects the creator so that knock offs and stealing work is protected so the creator can benefit from the creation. |
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What about OpenSource? |
Has different goals -Focus on Product -Practice for bigger and better things |
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4 Ways the Gov Protects Intellectual Property |
Trade Secret Trademark/ Service Mark Patent Copyright |
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Trade Secret |
The designs, plans, or formula of a product No limit on protection time period Because they are secret, they must remain confidential. -makes trade secrets unique |
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Trademark/ Service Mark |
Brand Name Not just selling the product but also the image. Provides consumer security Must be seen and well known Must be renewed every 5 and 10 yrs |
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Patent |
Mostly for inventions Lasts 20 yrs Non-renewable |
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Copyright |
Authors and creators with exclusive rights to their work. Allows them to use it as they please. Pre-1978, it would last 95 yrs. Post- 1978, are protected for the lifetime of the author, plus 75yrs after their death. |
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Why is Spam an important issue? What are some of the appeals and drawbacks? |
Good -got info from companies and people to their destinations quickly and cheaply Bad -Companies encroached on inbox space |
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How is censorship of information on the internet more complicated than censorship of other media? |
1. Unlike other 1-M broadcast media, the Internet supports M-M information exchange -forums -chat rooms -Wiki 2. The Internet is huge. 3. The Internet is Dynamic 4. The Internet is Global 5. It is difficult to distinguish between adult and children users. |
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1st Ammendment |
Come on you should know this... fine, I'll tell you anyway.
The right for free speech and freedom of religion. -Is not 'the right to say whatever I want no matter how filthy or offensive it is.' |
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Kant's view on Censorship and Freedom of Expression |
Against censorship According to the Categorical Imperative, it is impossible to condone censorship |
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Mill's view on Censorship |
-Free expression of ideas are important but people are fallible. -Ruled by his Concept of Harm |
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Mill's Concept of Harm |
The only good reason to censor someone is if they are doing harm to others. Then his personal expression no longer matters in favor of the greater good. |
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What are the two primary methods of filtering web pages? |
1. Check the URL against blacklisted sites to see if they match. 2. Check for words or combinations of characters that have been added to a blacklisted library. |
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Difference between intellectual and tradritional property |
Traditional is a physical thing. Intellectual is something that was produced from brain power. |
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What passage of the Constitution guarantees intellectual property rights? What does it say? |
Article 1, Section 8 Congress shall promote 'The Progress of Science and useful arts by securing limited Time to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries. |
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Proprietary vs Open Source Software |
Proprietary (Privately Owned) -can make the owner money -Easy to defy -Thought process is that people will be more motivated to create quality products if they are compensated
Open Source (Free to the Public) -Free to all -Promotes collaboration for better products -Still has the ability to make the creators money |
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Ethical Position of Kant on Software Copyright |
-Absolutely not -Kant's Categorical Imperative would indicate it would be wrong to take someone else's programming cause if everyone did it then the programmer would suffer financially. -However, this idea is fundamental in the Open Source movement. If everyone has access and the right to use the software, then no one goes without and everyone can improve upon and benefit from the improvements. |
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Ethical Position of Act Utilitariansim on Software Copyright |
2 sides of the same coin. Pro- Consequence based -Just deserts approach = if you do the work you should get the benefits from that work -Copying software is wrong because the chain of consequences can cause harm to many people and even the entire economy . Crit -Not universal cause controlling free demos of the software can be beneficial to a company -Some companies would rather put out free software to help boost sales in other areas of their production. Think Intel. |
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Ethical Position of Egosim on Software Copyright |
As an egoist, you want to benefit from your work. Therefore, copyrights on your work protect you from being taken advantage of and prevent knock offs that would lower the value of your work. |
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Definition of Privacy MEMORIZE |
A "social arrangement that allows individuals to have some level of control over who is to gain access to their physical selves and their personal info" that is, a 'zone of inaccessibility' that surrounds a person, understood to restrict access to humor her. -It is a Prudential Right |
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Benefits of Privacy |
-Encourages the development to the individual as a unique person. -Provides a space in which to act 'ourselves' and take off "social masks" -Can foster activities that require focus, quiet, lack distractions -Allow us to develop intimate relationships of love or freedom |
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Drawbacks of Privacy |
-Cover for wrongdoing/crime -Places undue emphasis on individualism and not enough on communalism -For those on the margins of society, can increase alienation |
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Warrend/Brandeis views on Privacy |
-Define Privacy as 'the right to be let alone' -Criticisms >Too broad - doesn't include anything past personal, known violations of privacy >Too narrow |
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Thomson's views on Privacy |
A violation of the right to privacy are really violations of other rights Right to: -Beliefs -Home -Person -Personal Info |
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Reinman's views on Privacy |
Right to Autonomy Believes people should have control over becoming, being, and remaining a person |
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Opt-in vs Opt-out |
Opt-in is the expressed consent to be included in something. Opt-out is the expressed request to be excluded from something. |
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Limited vs Absolute |
Limited = there are exceptions Absolute = no exceptions |
