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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is infection
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A pathogen invades the body, begins to multiply, and produces disease.
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Bacteria
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One-celled organisms that cause disease
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How do bacteria cause disease?
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1. Enter the body and grow in human cells
2. Secrete toxins that damage cells |
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Viruses
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No cellular structures.
Parasites Infectious particles RNA&DNA duplication |
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Fungi
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Similar to plants without the chlorophyll.
Usually result in a localized infection. |
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Mycosis
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Any disease caused by a fungus
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Cocci
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Round bacteria
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Bacilli
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Rod-shaped bacteria
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Spirochets
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Spiral-shaped bacteria
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Resistance
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When pathologic organisms change in ways that decrease the ability of a drug to treat disease.
The organism can produce enzymes to destroy or inactivate the drug. |
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Antibiotic resistant organisms
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MRSA
VRE (Vancomycin-resistant enterococci) Penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae |
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Preventing complications of fever
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-Maintain intake of fluids to prevent dehydration
-Increased metabolic rate requires adequate nutrition - Rest preserves energy for the healing process |
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Antigen
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A substance that exists on the surface of all cells and enables the body to recognize itself and elicits an immune response
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Antibody
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Protein that binds to a *specific antigen* to destroy it or label it for removal by non-specific defenses.
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Central lymphoid organs
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Thymus Gland
Bone Marrow |
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Peripheral lymphoid organs
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Tonsils
Gut-, Genital-, bronchial-, & skin-associated lymphoid tissues Lymph nodes Spleen |
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Three processes needed for human protection
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Inflammation
Antibody-mediated immunity (AMI/ humoral immunity) Cell-mediated immunity (CMI) |
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Innate immunity
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Type of immunity present at birth
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Acquired immunity
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Type of immunity that is developed through life.
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Active acquired immunity
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Results from the invasion of the body by foreign substances.
"Learns" how to fight off specific types of infections. |
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Passive acquired immunity
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The host receives antibodies to an antigen
Not naturally synthesized Short-lived No memory cells |
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Antibody-mediated immunity
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B-cells
Also called humoral immunity Immune response is produced by a reaction between antigens and antibodies. |
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Cell-mediated immunity
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Immunity against pathogens that survive inside of cells, including viruses and some bacteria.
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Types of Cell-mediated immunity
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T-lymphocytes
macrophages NK cells |
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2 important functions of lymph nodes
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1. Filtration of foreign material
2. Circulation of lymphocytes |
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Classification of hypersensitivity reactions
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Type I, II, & III are immediate and examples of antibody-mediated immunity
Type IV; delayed hypersensitivity reaction. Related to Cell-mediated immunity. |
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Type I hypersensitivity reaction
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Anaphylaxis
Atopic reactions; Rhinitis, urticaria, angioedema |
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Allergic Rhinitis
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Ex; Hayfever
Nasal discharge, sneezing, lacrimation, etc |
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Urticaria
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Hives
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Angioedema
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Localized cutaneous lesion similar to urticaria but involving deeper layers of the skin and submucosa
Swelling of the eyelids, lips, tongue, larynx, hands, feet, GI tract, and genitalia Caused by engorgement of capillaries secondary to release of histamine |
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Type II hypersensitivity reaction
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Cytotoxic and cytolytic responses
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Type III Immune-complex reactions
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Severe type III reactions are associated with autoimmune disorders
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Type IV delayed hypersensitivity reactions
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Cell-mediated immune response
Takes 24-48 hours Hypersensitivity reactions to bacterial and viral infections Transplant rejections Some drug sensitivity reactions |
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5 Cardinal local manifestations of inflammation
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Erythema
Heat Pain Swelling Loss of function |
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Types of inflammatory response
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Vascular response
Cellular response Formation of exudate Healing |
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Stage I inflammatory response
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Vascular response
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Process of vascular response
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Cell injury -> momentary vasoconstriction -> Release of Histamine, Kinins, and prostaglandins -> Local vasodilation - hypereremia -> Increased capillary permeability -> local edema
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Stage II inflammatory response
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Cellular response
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Process of Cellular response
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After injury, leukocytes migrate to site of injury
-neutrophils -macrophages -lymphocytes |
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Neutrophils
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Arrive in about 6-12 hours
Make up 55-70% of normal WBC count Develop from stem cells and complete maturation process in bone marrow Different stages of development -segmented - Mature -Bands - immature |
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Monocytes
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Second type of phagocytic cells that migrate from circulating blood.
Arrive 3-7 days after onset of inflammation Enter tissue spaces and transform into macrophages Function in phagocytosis of the inflammatory debris |
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Phagocytosis
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Engulfing and destruction of invaders
Rids the body of debris after tissue injury Neutrophils and macrophages are most efficient at phagocytosis |
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Lymphocytes
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Arrive later at the site of injury
Primary role; Humoral immunity Cell-mediated immunity |
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2 components of healing
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1. Regeneration; replacement of lost cells and tissues with cells of the same type
2. Repair; Healing as a result of lost cells being replaced by connective tissue |
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Cause of clinical manifestation of inflammatory response
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Onset is triggered by the release of cytokines
Cytokines cause fever by initiating metabolic changes in the temperature-regulating center in the hypothalamus Epinephrine released from the adrenal medulla increases metabolic rate. |
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Types of inflammation
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Acute and Chronic
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Acute inflammation info
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Healing occurs in 2-3 weeks and usually leaves no residual damage
Neutrophils are the predominant cell type at the site of inflammation |
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Subacute inflammation
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Has features of the acute process, but lasts longer, persists for weeks or months.
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Chronic inflammation
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Lasts for weeks, months, or even years
Due to injurious agent persists or repeatedly injures tissues Lymphocytes and macrophages are dominant cell types at the site of inflammation |
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Dominant cell types at site of chronic inflammation
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Lymphocytes and macrophages
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Dominant cell type at site of acute inflammation
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Neutrophils
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