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116 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Escherichia
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Enterobacteriaceae. Gram- rod. Glucose fermenting, oxidase negative, nitrate reducing.
E.coli - most common cause of UTI, commensal of human bowel. Some strains cause diarrhoea. |
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Shigella
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Enterobacteriaceae. Gram- rod. Glucose fermenting, oxidase negative, nitrate reducing.
S. dysenteriae, S. flexneri - Bacterial dysentry. |
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Salmonella
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Enterobacteriaceae. Gram- rod. Glucose fermenting, oxidase negative, nitrate reducing.
S. choleraesuis only species. Many serotype names. S. typhi, S. paratyphi, Non-typhoidal serotypes cause diarrhoea. |
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Citrobacter
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Enterobacteriaceae. Gram- rod. Glucose fermenting, oxidase negative, nitrate reducing.
C. freundii, C. diversus - nosocomial UTIs, pneumonia. |
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Klebsiella
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Enterobacteriaceae. Gram- rod. Glucose fermenting, oxidase negative, nitrate reducing. Resistant to multiple antibiotics.
K. pneumoniae - necrotising pneumonia. K. rhinoscleromatis - Granulomatous infection upper airways, rare. K. oxytoca, K. ozaenae - nosocomial UTI, RTI etc. |
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Enterobacter
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Enterobacteriaceae. Gram- rod. Glucose fermenting, oxidase negative, nitrate reducing.
E. aerogenes, E. cloacae - Nosocomial UTI, RTI. |
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Serratia
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SEnterobacteriaceae. Gram- rod. Glucose fermenting, oxidase negative, nitrate reducing.
S. marcescens, S. liquefaciens - Nosocomial UTI, RTI. |
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Proteus
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Enterobacteriaceae. Gram- rod. Glucose fermenting, oxidase negative, nitrate reducing.
P. miribilis - 2nd commonest cause UTI. Nosocomial pneumonia. P. vulgaris - Nosocomial infections. |
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Morganella
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Enterobacteriaceae. Gram- rod. Glucose fermenting, oxidase negative, nitrate reducing.
M. morganii - UTI, various nosocomial. |
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Providencia
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Enterobacteriaceae. Gram- rod. Glucose fermenting, oxidase negative, nitrate reducing.
P. stuuartii - Nosocomial infections, UTI. |
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Yersinia
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Enterobacteriaceae. Gram- rod. Glucose fermenting, oxidase negative, nitrate reducing.
Y. pestis - Plague. Y. enterocolitica - Abdominal pain/diarrhoea. Contaminated food. |
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Pseudomonas
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Gram- rod. Non-fermenting.
P. aeruginosa - UTI, otitis externa, skin ulcers/burns, LRTI. Resistant to most antibiotics. |
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Stenotrophomonas
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Gram- rod. Non-fermenting.
P. maltophilia - LRTI (cystic fibrosis associated), Septicaemia (cancer immunosuppresion associated) |
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Burkholderia
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Gram- rod. Non-fermenting.
B. pseudomallei - Meliodosis causing pneumonia, soft tissue abscess, septicaemia. Resistant to antibiotics. |
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Acinetobacter
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Gram- rod. Non-fermenting.
A. baumannii - Nosocomials, community pneumonia. A. lwoffi - Nosocomials. |
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Haemophilus
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Gram- rod. Non-fermenting. Small.
H. influenzae - Encapsulated strains a-g. Type b most important - meningitis, septicaemia in infants. Epiglottis inflammation in young. Acute pharyngitis. Non-encapsulated influenzae cause bronchitis, sinusitis. Requires chocolate agar to grow. Commensal. H. aphrophilus - endocarditis, part of HACEK. |
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Legionella
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Gram- rod. Non-fermenting. Aquatic environments. Very fastidious, require BCYEa culture.
L. pneumophila - Legionnares. Aerosol spread. L. longbeachae - Pneumonia. Common in potting mix. |
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Vibrio
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Gram- comma shaped. Oxidase positive fermenter. Associated with aquatic environment.
V. cholerae - Severe diarrhoea. Type-01 strain responsible for most pandemics. V. vulnificus - Septicaemia (immunocompromise), cellulitis. |
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Aeromonas
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Gram- rod, curved. Oxidase positive fermenter. Aquatic environments.
A. hydrophila - Skin infections. |
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Camylobacter
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Gram- rod.
C. jejuni - Commensal of animals. Diarrhoea, abdominal cramping, fever. C. coli - Gastroenteritis. |
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Helicobacter
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Gram- rod.
H. pylori - Gastric and duodenal ulcers. Associated with adenocarcinoma. |
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HACEK
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Slow growing fastidious bacteria associated with subacute infective endocarditis. Cause of 'culture negative' (streptococcus negative) endocarditis. Haemophilus aphrophilus, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Cardiobacterium hominis, Eikenella corrodens, Kingella kingae.
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Pasteurella
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Gram- rod. Animal bite wounds. Skin infections extending to tendon sheathes, joint cavities and bone.
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Bordetella
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Gram- rod.
B. pertussis - Whooping cough. Respiratory droplet spread, highly infectious. Always pathogenic (?). |
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Brucella
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Gram- coccobacilli. Zoonotic infections. Brucellosis - lymphatic disease with suppurative lesions, febrile symptoms.
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Bartonella
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Gram- rod.
B. henselae - Cat scratch disease. Lymphadenopathy, angiomatosis (aids associated), peliosis (vascular lesions in viscera). B. quintana - Trench fever. |
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Neisseria
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Gram- coccus. Diplococcus. N. meningitidis - Serogroups A,B,C&Y cause purulent meningitis, overwhelming septicaemia. Nasopharynx commensal in 10%.
N. gonorrhoeae - Urethritis, cervicitis, pharyngitis. A number of other Neisseria species are commensals. |
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Moraxella
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Gram- coccus.
M. catarrhalis - Commensal URT, female genital tract. Otitis media, LRTI. |
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Staphylococcus
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Gram+ coccus. Catalase positive.
S. aureus - Coagulate positive. Commensal in ~30% nares. Can cause various pyogenic infections - skin lesions, mastitis, bacteraemia/septicaemia. Most common cause of bone, joint and bursae infection. S. Scalded Skin Syndrome (SSSS). STSS. S. epidermidis - Low virulence, some nosocomial infections and prosthetic joint infections (biofilm). S. saprophyticus - UTIs. |
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Streptococcus pyogenes
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Gram+ coccus. Catalase negative.
beta-haemolytic - Complete haemolysis. S. pyogenes (lancefield A) commensal of oropharynx. Pharyngitis, cellulitis, necrotising fasciitis, puerperal sepsis. Rhematic fever, glomerulonephritis, toxic shock like syndrome. |
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Non-pyogenes Streptococcus
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Gram+ coccus.
S. agalactiae - Lancefield B beta haemolytic. Vaginal coloniser, severe disease in neonates. Lancefield C-G - Various suppurative infections, animal associated. alpha haemolytic/viridans strep - S. sanguis, oralis, mitis, mutans - Commensal oropharynx. Endocarditis, dental caries (mutans), abscesses. S. pneumoniae - Commensal URT 10%. Commonest community pneumonia, commonest meningitis in adults. |
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Enterococcus
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Gram+ coccus. Commensal human bowel, agglutinate with Lancefield D antiserum.
E. faecalis - Abdominal infections from faecal leakage. UTI, soft tissue infections, bacteraemia, endocarditis. E. faecium - Similar to faecalis, more resistant to antibiotics. |
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Bacillus
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Endospore forming gram+ rod.
B. cereus - Food poisoning, enterotoxin. B. antracis - Resides in soil as spore for decades. Inhalational form: Ingested by alveolar macrophages, haemorrhagic necrosis of lymph nodes. Incubation period ~7 up to 60d. Biphasic: flu like symptoms, resolution, then abrupt fever, hypoxia, septicaemia and meningitis. GIT form - Meat. lymphadenitis, abdominal pain. ~100% mortality. Cutaneous form - 20% mortality untreated. Bite-like papule forms to be replaced by black scar with oedema. Penicillin, ciprofloxacin. |
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Lacrobacillus
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Gram+ rod. GIT and vagina commensal. Facultative anaerobe. Rarely pathogenic.
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Listeria
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Gram+ rod. Facultative anaerobe.
L. monocytogenes - Found in animals, water, soil, produce. Bacteraemia, septicaemia, meningitis. |
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Erysipelothrix
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Gram+ rod. Facultative anaerobe. Skin infection, rarely septicaemia and endocarditis.
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Corynebacterium
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Gram+ rod. Facultative anaerobe.
C. diptheriae - Diptheria: pharyngitis, airway infection leading to asphyxiation (30% mortality), some strains make exotoxin causing myocarditis and neuritis. C. jeikeium - Skin commensal, cannula infection, septicaemia. C. urealyticum - Urea splitting UTI. Produces ammonium crystals causing cystitis. |
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Nocardia
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Gram+ rod. Opportunistic infections, pneumonitis, haematogenous dissemination from lungs.
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Clostridium
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Gram+ rod. Endospore forming Anaerobe.
C. perfringens - In soil. Clostridial myonecrosis (gas gangrene), food poisoning, necrotising bowel disease. C. tetani - Soil. Neurotoxin blocks inhibitory signals to motor neurons causing tetanus. C. botulinum - Soil and food. Neurotoxin causes cranial and muscular neuropathies. C. difficile - In nature, common in infants, faeces of hospitalised. Causes antibiotic associated diarrhoea, pseudomembranous colitis. |
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Chlamydia
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Obligate intracellular parasites. Two forms, Elementary body extracellular sporelike form, reticulate body intracellular form. No peptidoglycan cell wall. Not cultured on agar media.
C. trachomatis - Lymphogranuloma venerum biovar and trachoma biovar (ocular trachoma and genital disease) |
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Chlamydophila
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C. pneumoniae
C. psittaci - Pneumonia, typhoidal fever, flu like symptoms. Parrot associated. |
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Mycoplasma
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Very small, lack cell wall, fastidious.
M. pneumoniae - atypical pneumonia (patchy consolidation, not routinely cultured, no penicillin response). M. hominis - Commensal vagine 10%. Vaginosis (with other bacteria), pelvic inflammatory disease. M. genitalium - non-genococcal urethritis. |
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Ureaplasma
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Molluscite, similar to mycoplasma.
U. urealyticum - NGU |
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Mycobacterium
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Very slow growers. Contain mycolic acid, resistant to drying. Detected with ZN stain.
M. tuberculosis - Inhalation, lymph spread. Infection usually asymptomatic but latent. M. leprae - Inhalational or contact. Strong CMI result in tuberculoid leprosy. Weak CMI lepromatous leprosy. M. avium-intracellulare - Lung disease and lymphadenitis in immunocompromised. |
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Treponema
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Spirochate.
T. pallidum - Syphilis: Latent , Primary (chancre), secondary (rash, warts, meningitis), tertiary (cario, neuro symptoms). |
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Borrelia
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Spirochate.
B. recurrentis - Lice spread. Fever, rigors, jaundice, hepatosplenomegaly. B. burgdorferi - Lyme disease. |
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Leptospira
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Spirochate.
L. interrogans - Animal urine. Leptospirosis causing septicaemic phase and immune phase (low grade fever, headache, rash). |
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Spirillum
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Spirochate.
S. minor - rat bite fever. |
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Penicillin
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Betalactam. Streptococcus, cellulitis (S. pyogenes), endocarditis, meningitis (N. meningitidis, S. pneumoniae)
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Flucloxacillin, Dicloxacillin
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Penicillinase resistant. Oral, IV. S. aureus (cellulitis, osteomyelitis, arthritis)
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Amoxycillin, Ampicillin
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Oral, IV. S. pneumoniae, L. monocytogenes. UTIs.
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Augmentin
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Amoxycillin+clav. Chest infections, UTI, diabetic foot infections.
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Ticarcillin
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P. aeruginosa (or piperacillin).
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Timentin
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Ticarcillin+clav. Pneumonia (particularly where gram negatives), peritonitis, diabetic foot infections.
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Piperacillin
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P. aeruginosa (or ticarcillin).
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Tazocin
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Pizarcillin + tazobactam. Pneumonia is severely ill patients.
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Cephalexin, Cephalothin
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1st generation cephalosporin. S. aureus (penicillin allergy). Some GNB UTI.
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Cefaclor, Cephamandole, Cefuroxime, Cefuroxime axetil.
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2nd generation cephalosporin. RTI, otitis media, sinusitis. Mainly cefaclor.
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Cefotaxime, Ceftriaxone
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Third generation cephalosporin. Gram negative infections. Bacterial meningitis. Serious pneumonia. ESCAPPM are resistant.
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Cefrazidime
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Third generation cephalosporin. ESCAPPM are resistant. Serious P. aeruginosa.
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Cefepime, Cefpirome
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Fourth generation cephalosporin. Hospital use, empirical for serious infection. Very broad spectrum.
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Imipenem, Meropenem, Ertapenem
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Carbapenem (beta lactam). Broadest spectum antibiotic, expensive. Last resort in seriously infected patients.
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Aztreonam
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Monobactam (beta lactam). Gram negative bacteria.
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Erythromycin
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Macrolide (inhibit protein synthesis). Skin infections (strep), whooping cough (B. pertussis), Diarrhoea (campylobacter), atypical pneumonia (mycoplasma).
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Roxithromycin, Azithromycin, Clarithromycin
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Macrolide (inhibit protein synthesis). Chlamydia (azithromycin). RTI.
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Clindamycin
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Lincosamide (block protein synthesis). Aspiration pneumonia, foot infection, GPB skin infection, gas gangrene (C. perfringens), acne.
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Tetracycline, Doxycycline
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Tetracycline (inhibit protein synthesis at 30s and block RNA binding). Broad spectrum, RTI, chlamydia, acne, typhus, malaria prophylaxis.
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Sulfamethoxazole
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Sulfonamide (Blocks DNA production). Part of cotrimoxazole.
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Cotrimoxazole
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Sulfamethoxazone (block DNA synthesis) and Trimethoprim (same). RTI, UTI, Salmonella, Shigella, Nocardiosis.
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Ciprofloxacin, Norfloxacin
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Quinolone (interfere with DNA gyrase). Gram negative (UTI, pneumonia) where cephalosporins or gentamicin can't be used, or caused by ESCAPPM. P. aeruginosa. Prostatitis. Gonorrhoea.
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Gentamicin
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Aminoglycoside (protein synthesis inhibition 30s and 50s). Used with ciprofloxacin for serious GNB such as ESCAPPM or aeruginosa.
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Rifampicin
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Rifamycin (block RNA polymerase). Antituberculosis. Bone or joint infections (S. epidermidis).
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Vancomycin, Teicoplanin
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Glycopeptide (Block cell wall, RNA synthesis, membrane permeability alteration). MRSA, S. epidermidis, Enterococci.
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Mentronidazole, Tinidazole
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Nitromidazole (free radical production inside bacteria). Protozoal infections or bacterial vaginosis.
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Synercid
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Streptogramin (quinupristin+dalfopristin)(protein synthesis inhibition). VRE or MRSA.
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Linezolid
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Oxazolidinone (block protein synthesis early stage). MRSA, VRE, Penicillin resistant S. pneumoniae.
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Giardia lamblia
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Protozoan Flagellate. Two forms, trophozoite (feeding form) and cyst (external). Attaches to duodenal lining. Diarrhoea, nausea. Stool or aspirate diagnosis. Treatment metronidazole.
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Entamoeba histolytica
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Protozoa. Trophozoite (feeding) and cyst (external) form. Feeds on mucosa of large intestine, causing ulcers, dysentry. Can become invasive. Diagnosis stools, sigmoidoscopy, serological. Treatment metronidazole.
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Cryptosporidium parvum
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Protozoa. Zoonotic infection occupying bowel crypts. Diarrhoea, nausea. Self-limiting.
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Balantidium coli
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Protozoan ciliate, pig associated.
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Ascaris lumbricoides
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Nematode (roundworm). 15-30cm worm living in small intestine. 200,000 eggs per day, passed into faeces and mature in soil. Infection orally, duodenul>lung> trachea>intestine. Pneumonitis, fever, abdominal symptoms, colicky pain. Diagnosis stool. Treatment mebendazole.
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Enterobius vermicularis
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Nematode (roundworm). Pinworm. 5-13mm worm, inhibit caecum and appendix. Females detach and lay eggs perianal region at night. Oral>intestine infection. Minor intestinal symptoms, haemorrhage, occasionally appendicitis. Treatment combantrin.
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Trichuris Trichiura
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Nematode (roundworm). Whipworm. 3-5cm worms attaching to caecum. Oral>intestine, 5k eggs into stool/day. Usually asymptomatic, appendicitis, colitis, anaemia. Diagnosis stool, treatment mebendazole.
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Hookworms
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Ancylostome duodenale and Necator americanus. 10mm worm living in small intestine. Oral>intestine >lung>intestine migration. Allergic reactions, pneumonitis, anaemia. Treatment mebendazole.
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Strongyloides stercoralis
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Nematode (roundworm). Free-living 1mm form in soil. Can transition to filariform larvae, surviving until infection through human skin. Carried to lungs, travel to intestine. Can auto-infect. Dermatitis, pneumonitis, allergy, abdominal pain, diarrhoea. Treatment Thiabendazole.
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Dracunculus medinensis
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Nematode. Guinea worm. up to 70cm worm living under skin. Lives in water.
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Trichinella spiralis
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1-3mm zoonotic worm in ileum. Larvae enter blood and encyst in skeletal muscle. Trichinosis. Fever, muscle tenderness, diarrhoea. Biopsy biceps of gastrocnemius diagnosis. Treatment steroids, thiabendazole.
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Echinococcus granulosus
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Cestode (tapeworm). 3-6mm worm living in small intestine. Larvae ingested orally and penetrate to liver and lungs. Forms cysts (hydatid disease). Treatment mebendazole, surgery to remove cysts.
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Taenia saginata
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Cestode (tapeworm). In small intestine, up to 5m formed from thousands of proglottids. Each produce eggs. Migrate duodenum>muscles in animals. Niclosamide treatment.
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Taenia solium
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Pork cestode (tapeworm). Human can be intermediate carrier, giving rise to systemic symptoms (muscle, CNS). Stool or radiology diagnosis (cysts calcified). Treatment niclosamide.
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Hymenolepsis nana
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Dwarf cestode (tapeworm). Common in Au. 2-4cm worm in inttestine. Treatment praziquantel.
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Diphyllobothrium layum
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Fish cestode (tapeworm). up to 10m, causing megaloblastic anaemia. Treatment niclosamide.
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Opisthorchis sinensis
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Trematode (fluke. Worm living in biliary passages. Diarrhoea, jaundice. Praziquantel.
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Trypansoma brucei gamviense. T. b. rhodesiense.
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Blood protozoa. Fly vectors. Enter CNS, leading to death and coma. Treatment Suramin (arsenic derivative).
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Trypansoma cruzi
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Blood protozoan. Infest cardiac tissue. Suddent cardiac failure, gut dilatations. Treatment nifurtamox.
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Lesimania donovani, braziliense, tropica
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Blood protozoan. Sandfly vectors. Kala Azar disease (donovani) invades liver and spleen, causing fever, anaemia and death in months-years. Mucocutaneous (braziliense) infection causes disfigurement. Treatment stibogluconate.
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Toxoplasma gondii
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Sporozoan blood parasite. 2 stages. Sexual phase in intestinal cells of felines. Asexual phase in humands, usually asymptomatic. Infection in pregnancy causes teratogenic CNS effects. Treatment pyrimethamine.
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Pneumocystis carinii
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Blood ?protozoan. Interstitial cell pneumonia, AIDS related. Treatment trimethoprim.
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Trichomonas vaginalis
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Protozoan, associated with sexual activity and STDs. Asymptomatic in men. Vulvo-vaginitis, discharge. 5-nitroimidazole treatment.
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Wuchereria bancrofti & Brugia malayi
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Mosquito vectors. Blood nematode (roundworm). Larvae migrate to lymph and multiply. Often asymptomatic, lymphadenitis, lymphangitis, rarely elephantiasis. Treatment Ethylcarbamazine.
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Schistosomes
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Blood flukes. Zoonotic, penetrate human skin (from water). Fibrosis caused by eggs failing to hatch into blood, diarrhoea, cystitis, hepatomegaly, renal failure. Praziquantel.
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Piedra
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Fungal hair shaft infection. Trichosporon beigelii (white) and Piedraia hortae (black)
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Tinea nigra
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Skin infection, exophiala werneckii.
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Pityriasis versicolor.
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Superficial infection, Malassezia furfur. Pink/coppery appearance in pale skin, lighter appearance on tanner skin.
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Dermatophytosis
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Trichophyton, Microsporum, Epidermophytom. May also cause onychomycosis or tinea unguium.
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Candidiasis
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Mainly yeast form fungus. Ubiquitous opportunistic fungus. Skin rahses, balantitis, oral plaques, vaginal inflammation (usually commensal), GIT, candidaemia.
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Sporotrichosis
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Sporothrix shenckii. Nodular skin lesions breaking down to chronic ulcer. Lymphatic spead may cause suppurative abscesses.
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Aspergillosis
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Many are ubiquitous. Pulmonary (asthma, alveolitis), aspergilloma (fungus ball), disseminated (immunocompromise).
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Hyalohyphomycosis.
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Hyaline hyphomycetes causing infections in immunocompromised.
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Zygomycosis.
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Ubiquitous, sinusitis, pulmonary, disseminated symptoms in immunocompromised.
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Cryptococcosis
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Cryptococcus neoformans. Pathogenic fungus inhaled and causing respiratory and CNS symptoms. Common in immunocompromised, but many normal infections also.
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Blastomycosis
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Dimorphic fungi causing pulmonary disease.
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Azoles.
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Antifungal inhibiting conversion of lanosterol to ergosterol. Clotrimazole (candida), ketoconazole (broad), fluconazole (triazole, broad), itraconazole (triazole, broad including aspergillus).
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Polyenes
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Antifungal distrupting plasma membrane. Nystatin (mucosal candidiasis), amphotericin B (very broad spectrum, highly nephrotoxic).
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Allylamines
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Antifungal inhibiting squalene>lanosterol conversion. Terbinafine (dermatophyte onychomycosis where topical treatment failed).
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Glucan synthesis inhibitors
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Caspofungin.
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