Infectious Disease

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Infectious Disease

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Illness caused by infestation of the body by biological organisms. `

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Index Case

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The individual who first introduced an infectious agent to a population

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Normal Flora

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Organisms that live inside our bodies without ordinarily causing disease.

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Pathogen

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Organism capable of causing disease.

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Opportunistic pathogen

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Ordinarily nonharmful bacterium that causes disease only under unusual circumstances.

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Bacteria

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Microscopic single celled organisms that range in length from 1 to 20 micrometers.

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Gram stain

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Method of differentiating types of bacteria according to their reaction to a chemical stain process.

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Exotoxin

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Toxic Waste products released by living bacteria.

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Endotoxin

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Toxic products released when bacteria dies.

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Bactericidal

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Capable of killing bacteria.

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Bacteriostatic

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Capable of inhibiting bacterial growth or reproduction.

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Virus

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Disease-causing organism that can be seen only with an electron microscope.

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Obligate Intracellular Parasite

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Organism that can grow and reproduce only within a host cell.

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Prions

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Particles of protien folded in such a way that protease enzymes cannot act on them.

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Fungus

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Plant like microorganism.

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Protozoan

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Single celled parasitic organism with flexible membranes and the ability to move.

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Parasite

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Organism that lives in or on another organism.

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Pinworm

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parasite that is 3-10mm long and lives in the distal colon.

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Hookworm

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Parasite that attaches to the hosts intestinal lining.

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Trichinosis

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Disease resulting from an infestation of Trichinella Spiralis.

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Reservoir

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Any living creature or environment (water, soil etc) that can harbor an infectious agent.

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Bloodborne

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Transmitted by contact with blood or body fluids.

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Airborn

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Transmitted through the air by droplets or particles.

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Fecal-oral route

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Transmission of organisms picked up from the G.I tract (e.g feces) into the mouth.

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Communicable

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Capable of being transmitted to another host.

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Contamination

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Presence of an agent only on the surface of the host without penetrating it.

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Infection

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Presence of an agent within the host without necessarily causing disease.

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Virulence

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aN ORGANISM'S STRENGTH OR ABILITY TO INFECT OR OVERCOME THE BODYS DEFENCES.

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RESISTANCE

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A hosts ability to fight off infection.

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Latent Period

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Time when a host cannot transmit an infectious agent to someone else.

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Communicable Period

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Time when a host can transmit an infectious agent to someone else.

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Incubation Period

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Time between host's exposure to an infectious agent and the appearance of symptoms.

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Antigen

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Surface protein on most viruses and bacteria.

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Antibody

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Protein that attacks a disease antigen.

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Seroconversion

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Creation of antibodies after exposure to a disease.

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Window Phase

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Time between exposure to a disease and seroconversion.

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Disease Period

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The duration from the onset of signs symptoms of disease until the resolution of symptoms or death.

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PPD

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Purified protein derivative, the substance used in a test for TB.

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Decontaminate

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to destroy or remove pathogens.

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Disinfection

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Destroying certain forms of microorganisms but not at all.

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Sterilization

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Destroying all microorganisms.

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Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

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Organism responsible for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)

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Hepatitis

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Inflammation of the liver characterized by diffuse or patchy tissue necrosis.

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Tuberculosis (TB)

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Disease caused by a bacterium known as myobacterium tuberculosis that primarily affects the respiratory system.

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Respirator

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An apparatus worn that cleanses or qualifies the air.

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Pneumonia

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Acute infection of the lung including alveolar spaces and interstitial tissue.

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Varicella

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Viral disease characterized by a rash of fluid filled vesicles that rupture forming small ulcers that eventually scab (chickenpox)

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Meningitis

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Inflammation of the meninges usually caused by an infection.

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Brudzinki's sign

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Physical exam finding in which the flexion of the neck causes flexion of the hips and knees.

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Kernig's Sign

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Inability to fully extend the knees with hips flexed.

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Influenza

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Disease caused by a group of viruses.

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Measles

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Highly contagious acute viral disease characterized by a reddish rash that appears on the fourth or fifth day of illness.

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Mumps

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Acute viral disease characterized by painful enlargement of the salivary glands.

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Rubella (German Measles)

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Systemic viral disease characterized by a fine pink rash that appears on the face, trunk and extremities and fades quickly.

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Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)

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Common cause of pneumonia and bronchiolitis in children.

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Mononucleosis

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Acute disease caused bu Epstein-Barr virus.

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Herpes Simplex Virus

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Organism that causes infections characterized by fluid filled vesicles usually in the oral cavities or genitals.

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Epiglottitis

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Infection and inflammation of the epiglottis.

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Croup

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Viral illness characterized by inspiratory and expiratory stridor and a seal-bark-like cough.

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Pharyngitis

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Infection of the pharynx and tonsils.

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Sinusitis

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Inflammation of the paranasal sinuses.

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Hantavirus

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Family of viruses that are carried by the deer mouse and transmitted by ticks and other arthropods.

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Gasteroenteritis

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Generalized disorder involving nausea vomiting gasterointestinal cramping or discomfort and diarrhea.

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Food Poisoning

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Nonspecific term often applied to gastroenteritis that occurs suddenly and that is caused by the ingestion of food containing preformed toxins.

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Encephalitis

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Acute infection of the brain, usually caused by a virus.

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Rabies

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Viral disorder that affects the nervous system.

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Tetanus

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Acute bacterial infection of the CNS.

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Lyme Disease

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Recurrent inflammatory disorder caused by a tick-borne spirochete.

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Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD)

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Illness most commonly transmitted through sexual contact.

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Gonotthea

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STD caused by gram negative bacterium.

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Syphilis

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Bloodborne sexually transmitted disease caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum.

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Chlamydia

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Group of intracellular parasites that cause sexually transmitted disease.

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Trichomoniasis

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STD caused by protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis.

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Chancroid

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Highly contagious sexually transmitted ulcer.

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Impetigo

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Infection of the skin caused by staphylococci or streptococci.

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Lice

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Parasitic infestation of the skin of the scalp trunk or pubic area.

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Infestation

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Presence of parasites that do not break the host's skin.

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Scabies

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Skin disease caused by mite infestation and characterized by intense itching.

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Nosocomial

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Acquired while in the hospital.